100.4 BRITISH BIRDS. (VOL. XI. 
Sone-Turusu (7'. ph. philomelus)—Abundant from early 
October to late March, a few staying to early April. The 
winter residents in the Villa Umberto occupy more or less 
definite territories, and sing throughout their stay except 
in case of cold winds; but they never sing really vigorously 
and only rarely might be said to sing cheerfully ; moreover, 
they never keep on late in the evening as do the residents 
in England. Besides these “‘ resident ” birds, others appear 
to occur on passage and do not sing. 
Repwine (7. musicus)—I have never heard this species 
make attempts at song in Italy as it often does towards 
spring in England. 
Buack Repstart (Phenicurus o. gibraltariensis)—Winters 
in Rome and on the coast; several times heard singing in 
spring, but not with the vigour usual in its mountain haunts. 
Rosin (Erithacus r. rubecula)—The winterers arrive in 
Rome from the middle of September through most of October, 
and depart mostly in the first half of March. They settle 
down at once in definite territories ; my observations during 
four winters show that these territories are much the same 
year after year, and that to some extent the same territories 
receive their tenants early or late as the case may be; it 
seems reasonable to suppose that the same individuals 
return to them as far as possible. On arrival they soon break 
into full song, but become less vigorous during November ; 
in mid-winter they often hardly sing at all, in spite of the 
absence of severe cold ; in early spring they are again fairly 
vigorous. Like the Thrushes, they never keep on singing till 
they go to roost, though in suitable weather they sing as soon 
as they wake in the morning.* 
HEpDGE-SpaRrRow (Prunella m. modularis).—Fairly numer- 
ous winterer in bushy places, arriving in late October and 
leaving about the middle of March. Sings occasionally in 
late autumn and more frequently in spring; near Albano 
I have heard it sing quite normally, though usually the song 
is feeble. 
WREN (T'roglodytes t. troglodytes)—Only a winter visitor 
in the woods and scrub near the Tiber mouth, where it is 
met with from the end of October to the end of February. 
* T may mention here that the last note in the evening is not nearly 
so late about Rome as in England, 30 minutes after sunset being 
almost the limit; in the morning the time varies between 45 and 32 
minutes before sunrise, while in England 55 (or even 60) to 45 is the 
range. Notes on an individual bird show that the variation depends 
on light alone (temperature being without effect), though possibly 
the whole range is changed slightly at different seasons, 
