voL. x1.) SINGING IN WINTER QUARTERS. | 101 
The only occasion on which T heard these winterers sing was 
on Feb. 19, 1916, when three different individuals sang. 
WrYNECK (Jynx ¢. torquilla)—-This species, also, occurs 
only in winter in the ** macchia ”’ by the coast ; I have heard 
it call at the end of November and beginning of December, 
as well as in spring. — 
Of the species which sing more or less regularly, Siskin and 
Golderest must come from a considerable distance, while 
Coal-Tit, Thrush and Hedge-Sparrow are far below their 
breeding zone on the mountains. Hawfinch, Bullfinch and 
Starling all nest within a short distance, but I doubt whether 
the wintering individuals come from the near-by mountains. 
The early date of arrival of some of the Robins also suggests 
that they may come from the high north. There remain 
Grey Wagtail, Chiffchaff and Wryneck, which are practically 
within their own summer range. 
On the other hand, among species which rarely or never 
sing, Wren, Chaffinch and Wood-Lark are found as residents 
close by, while Rock-Bunting, Black Redstart and Alpine 
Pipit live on the mountains at different heights ; Meadow- 
Pipits must have come from some distance, and Redwings 
from a great distance. 
I think, therefore, that it cannot be maintained that 
distance from the breeding-ground is the main_ factor 
determining the amount of winter song. , 
II.—Sincine or Brrps on MIGRATION. 
In correspondence following the article already mentioned, 
Mr. F. W. Headley mentions Nightingale, Willow-Warbler. 
Whitethroat and Cuckoo as singing while stopping on 
migration in spring (Vol. VIT., pp. 29 and 30) ; while Dr. C. B. 
Ticehurst adds Golden Oriole (p. 64). 
A large number of species occur on passage in Latium, 
and the following are my observations concerning them :— 
The Tree-Pipit (Anthus trivialis) occasionally sings rather 
feebly (and while settled) on the spring migration. I have 
never heard any of the three Flycatchers (Muscicapa striata, 
M. collaris and M. hypoleuca) sing at either season, though 
the last named I have heard utter its harsh note in spring. 
All four species of Phylloscopus (Ph. c. collybita, Ph. trochilus, 
Ph. bonelli and Ph. sibilatrix) sing freely in spring—indeed, 
I should say that all the males must sing; I have heard 
the two latter also in autumn, but only on a few occasions, 
and Ph. sibilatrix I think not later than early August (the 
passage lasts from about the 20th of July to near the end 
of September). 
