106 BRITISH BIRDS. [vou. xt. 
primaries tipped buff; white tips to secondaries in some suffused 
buff; greater, median and lesser coverts olive-brown with a subterminal 
bar of sepia or black-brown and edged cream or light buff, instead of 
uniform olive-brown as in the adult. 
First Winter.—Male and female.—The juvenile body-plumage, 
tail-feathers and wing-quills and wing-coverts are moulted from 
August to November. After this moult the birds are like the adults 
and can be distinguished only when one or two juvenile greater, median 
or lesser coverts are retained, 
BLACK-WINGED PRATINCOLE (G. nordmannt). 
ApuLTs.—Complete moult from autumn to December. In spring 
there is a partial moult, which involves the body-feathers (not all 
the tail-coverts), sometimes the tail-feathers, some innermost secondaries 
and coverts, some median and lesser coverts, but not the rest of the 
wings. There is little difference in coloration between the winter 
and summer plumages. In summer plumage, the feathers of the 
crown, nape, ear-coverts, cheeks and sides of neck are without buff 
edges, the chin and throat are light buff deepening to warm buff at 
the sides and without the black-brown streaks (in some specimens 
the chin is white), in front of the eye is a small black patch from 
which a black line passes and encircles the throat as in G. p. pratincola : 
in the male a black line broader than in G. p. pratincola passes from 
the anterior corner of the eye and across the lores to the opening of 
the nares; in the female this black line (absent in female G. p. pratincola) 
extends only a little way beyond the corner of the mouth. In winter 
plumage this black line is absent, a buff line, minutely spotted with | 
dusky, passing from a small black patch in front of the eye to the 
opening of the nares. The sexes are alike in winter plumage. 
JUVENILE.—Male and female.—Similar to juvenile G. p. pratincola 
but the axillaries and under wing-coverts black, the latter tipped 
chestnut ; in G. p. pratincola the axillaries are bay, the under wing- 
coverts bay and black (the amount of bay varies individually); as 
in G. p. pratincola the tail-feathers are edged light buff and the 
two outer pairs are much shorter, rounder and broader than in the 
adult and not so sharply emarginated; the dark olive-brown tips 
of the tail-feathers are not so extensive as in the adult, the white 
bases being proportionately greater; secondaries black with a dull 
violet-green gloss as in the adult, but narrowly tipped light buff or 
cream (not deep olive-brown tipped white or white washed buff as 
in juvenile G. p. pratincola). ; 
First Winter.—Male and female.—Moult as in G. p. pratincola. 
After this moult the birds are like the adults, but the black patch 
in front of the eye is apparently smaller in the male and smaller and 
ill-defined in the female. In some specimens, some retained juvenile 
wing-coverts offer a further distinguishing character. 
Genus Charadrius. 
THE members of this genus have a complete moult in autumn, 
prolonged into mid-winter in the American Golden Plover and 
the Asiatic Golden Plover, and a partial moult in spring 
involving the body-feathers, in some all the tail-feathers or 
only the central pair, some innermost secondaries and coverts, 
some median and lesser coverts, but not the rest of the wings. 
The majority have a distinct winter and summer plumage ; 
the exceptions are the male Ringed Plover, male and female 
