von. x1.} MOULTS OF BRITISH WADERS. 111 
and the feathers are broadly edged buff or white ; except for the retained. 
juvenile median and lesser coverts, the wings are the same as in the 
adult. The female resembles the male, but the black collar on the 
nape is not So well defined and isplentifully intermixed with drab-brown 
feathers ; lores and ear-coverts dusky brown ; pectoral band ash-brown 
with broad buff edges and decreasing in width towards the centre, 
where it is all but incomplete. 
Frrst SummEr.—Male and female.—The body-feathers (but not all 
the scapulars and not the feathers ofthe back and rump), tail-feathers, 
innermost secondaries and coverts and occasionally some median and 
lesser coverts are moulted in spring. After this moult the birds are 
like the adults and can only be distinguished with certainty when the 
sandy-buff edges to the juvenile feathers of the back, ramp and wing- 
coverts are not abraded and can be recognized. In the female, the 
lores and ear-coverts are browner and the pectoral band narrower and 
not so black as in the adult female, some ash-brown juvenile feathers 
remaining. 
KeEnTIsH Piover (Ch. a. alexandrinus). 
ApULTS.—Complete moult from July to November. From March 
to May there is a partial moult, involving the body-feathers (not all the 
scapulars), occasionally the tail-feathers, some innermost secondaries 
and coverts and some median and lesser coverts, but not the rest of 
the wings. The winter and summer plumages differ slightly in 
coloration. The female differs from the male in winter and summer 
plumages in having no black band on the forepart of the crown: in 
summer the female has the crown ash-brown with more or less 
pronounced tawny edges instead of orange-cinnamon as in the male ; 
the lores, the band below the eye and the ear-coverts are pale ash-brown 
in winter, tawny in summer instead of more or less black as in the male; 
the patch on either side of breast is ash-brown instead of black as in 
the male. 
JUVENILE.—Male and female.—Like the adult female in winter 
plumage, but the feathers of the upper-parts (except those of the 
white collar) broadly margined with sandy, instead of faintly edged 
sandy as in the adult; lores ash-brown, feathers tipped buff, or white 
washed buff, ear-coverts and eye-stripe more or less washed buff (in 
the adult female the eye-stripe is white, faintly washed tawny towards 
the nape, and the lores, band below eye and ear-coverts are pale 
ash-brown); the patch at sides of breast ash-brown, the feathers 
edged sandy; tail-feathers, except three outer pairs which are white 
as in the adult, sepia edged buff; (in the adult the tail-feathers are 
without the buff tips, the central pair only is sepia, the rest pale brown); 
wing as in the adult, but the innermost secondaries and coverts and 
median and lesser coverts ashy-brown, broadly fringed sandy-buff 
or cream (in the adult the median and lesser coverts, when not 
abraded, have narrow sandy edges). 
First Wixter.—Male and female.—The juvenile body-feathers, 
(but not all the scapulars), the tail-feathers, some innermost secondaries 
and coverts and some median and lesser coverts are moulted from 
September to November, but not the rest of the wings. Both sexes 
now resemble the adult female, but are distinguished by the broad 
sandy-buff edges to the retained juvenile wing-coverts, especially the 
innermost median coverts. 
First Summer.—Moult as in the adult, after which both sexes 
become like the adults, but are distinguished by the sandy-buff edges 
to the retained juvenile wing-coverts when not too abraded. 
