164 BRITISH BIRDS. [vVoL. XI. ; 
As, however, only the five specimens are in our hands (one in 
London, four in Tring), we must look to other sources of 
information, and of these may be mentioned the following : 
In 1831 Brehm described ‘Mormon grabe,” from the Feeroes, 
saying that it was the smallest of all forms—not having 
seen British or Breton examples. 
In the Jbis, 1875, p. 267, Léon Olphe Galliard declares 
that ‘‘ Mormon grabe”’ must be re-established, but it might 
be objected that he only compared his French specimens 
with Greenland ones, not with the topo-typical form from 
Norway. 
In 1876, in the Bull. Soc. Zool. France (p. 4), Jules Vian 
explains the constant difference of French Puffins, of which 
he appears to have compared more than 150, and he calls it 
‘ grabe,’’ but, unfortunately, does not say which material 
he compared. 
In 1879 (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 18-28), Dr. Louis Bureau 
also separates, under the new name armoricana, the. birds 
from the coasts of France, which are “‘ absolument semblables ” 
with those from the British Isles and the Feroes, but he also 
includes Norwegian birds, though probably from single 
specimens only. 
In 1914, Jordans (Die Vogelfawna Mallorcas, p. 144-153) 
discusses the races of the Puffin but, while admitting the 
existence of the small race, he thinks that a final decision 
about the number of forms can hardly yet be made, and he 
doubts if armoricana and grabe are fully identical. 
Zedlitz (Journ. f. Orn., 1911, p. 302) identifies the birds 
from Bear Island with the Norwegian ones, having collected 
in both localities. 
Otto le Roi (Avifauna, pp. 262, 263) gives measurements 
of thirteen specimens from Bear Island, which he identifies 
with the Scandinavian form, while, of course, separating 
the Spitsbergen form. 
} Other measurements have been given by Norton (Proc. 
Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1901), by Herluf Winge, and by 
Hantzsch. 
It is, from all these publications and from the material 
examined by me, quite evident that the birds from the 
Feeroes, Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and from the 
coast of western France, are quite alike, and different from 
those from Bear Island, Iceland, Greenland, and from the 
east coast of North America. But, unfortunately, the terra 
typica is Norway, and from there only five useful examples 
could be measured. Now the Tring specimens, one may 
say from the “terra typica,” namely, the Vesteraal Islands 
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