178 BRITISH BIRDS. [VOL. XI. 
Aputt Mate.—2nd primary comes between 7th and 8th or 8th 
and 9th primaries; 4th or 5th primaries are longest; 6th above 2nd. 
ApuLT FEMALE AND YounG Mate.—2nd primary comes between 
the 5th and 6th; 3rd or 4th primaries are longest, in some equal ; 
6th below 2nd. 
Young FrmMALe.—2nd primary comes between 3rd and 4th or 
4th and 5th; 3rd usually longest, in some 3rd and 4th equal, other- 
wise 4th shorter than 3rd; 6th below 2nd. 
Mr. F. W. Frohawk, in the Jbis, 1904, pp. 446-451, gives a more 
detailed wing formula for each sex, but owing to individual variation 
his formule do not always hold good. He also seems to have over- 
looked the fact that the wing of the young male is like that of the 
adult female in shape, while that of the young female is different 
to both. 
JUVENILE.—Like the adult female in winter, but the crown dark 
sepia, the feathers edged light buff and the crest shorter; nape below 
nuchal collar ash-brown, the feathers edged warm buff; (in the adult the 
nape is tinged green and the feathers lack the buff edges) ; upper-parts, 
including innermost secondaries and coverts, dull green more or less 
tinged brown (in some the brown tone predominating), the feathers 
plentifully edged, and some notched, warm buff; patch in front of the 
eye smaller, that below eye less extensive and browner ; gorget narrower 
and dull brownish-black, faintly glossed dull-green, the feathers tipped 
light buff or white; under tail-coverts paler pinkish-cinnamon ; tail- 
feathers (except outer pair) tipped warm buff; primary and greater 
coverts dull black with little or no gloss, the greater coverts narrowly 
tipped warm buff, median coverts dull or metallic green with broad warm 
buff edges (in the adult, only a few of the median coverts have sandy- 
buff tips); lesser coverts dull brownish-green, some with a metallic 
green sheen and most with warm buff tips, which are absent in the 
adult. 
The juvenile body-feathers are softer and looser in structure than 
in the adult. The sexes are alike, but the upper-breast in males 
appears to be more greenish-black and in females more brownish-black 
with or without a greenish gloss, in some males some of the median 
coverts are glossed, and the distal lesser coverts are tinged with 
violet-purple. 
N.B.—In the juvenile the outer pair of tail-feathers are often 
entirely white with no black marking. I have not yet examined an 
undoubted adult with a pure white outer tail-feather. 
First WinTER.—The juvenile body-plumage (not all the scapulars), | 
very occasionally an odd tail-feather, some innermost. secondaries 
and coverts, some or most median and lesser coverts, but not the rest 
of the wings, are moulted from July to December. After this moult 
the birds are very like the adults, but may be distinguished by the, 
shorter crests, the worn buff edges to the tail-feathers, when not too 
abraded, and the duller wing-coverts ; the primary and greater coverts 
are as in the juvenile, but the sandy-buff tips to all, except the inner 
greater coverts, are usually worn off. In the male the median coverts 
have usually less violet-purple gloss and the light buff edges are more 
numerous than in the adult; the lesser coverts distally are metallic 
green, more or less glossed violet-purple (not deep violet-purple as in 
the adult), while proximally they are brownish tinged dull green with- 
out, or with only a faint indication of, the violet or greenish-purple 
sheen of the adult, the innermost with a slight violet gloss, a few edged 
warm buff (in the adult these edges are absent). In the female the 
median coverts are like those of the adult female, but more plentifully 
edged warm buff. innermost brownish-green with brownish bases. 
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