VOL. XI.j MOULTS OF BRITISH WADERS. 179 
exposed and tipped warm buff (in the adult these coverts are more 
metallic green and the buff edges are less numerous); proximal lesser 
coverts as in first winter male but with little or no indication of violet 
gloss (in the adult female these feathers are metallic green with a 
_ violet gloss and without buff tips). 
First Summer.—Only a few spring specimens were examined. 
Apparently first summer birds are like the adults but distinguished by 
duller wing-coverts as in first winter. i 
N.B.—Males collected in summer often have the 5th primary worn 
down and equalling the 4th in length (in very worn specimens 
shorter than the 4th), so that it is not always possible to identify a 
first summer male by the relative length of the 4th and 5th primaries. 
One 3, Northern Manchuria 22/5, however, had the 5th primary well 
_ below the 4th (wing only slightly worn), otherwise was like the adult : 
one g, Scotland April 25th, the same and like the adult, but the crest 
shorter. 
When the wing quills are not too abraded, first summer females may 
be: distinguished from adult females by the relative length of the 
second primary. 




















GENUS Arenaria. 
TURNSTONE (Arenaria 2. interpres). 
Apuuts.—Complete moult from July to October. From February 
to June there is a partial moult, involving the body-feathers (not 
all the scapulars nor all the feathers of the back and rump, nor all 
_ the upper tail-coverts), usually the tail-feathers, innermost secondaries 
and coverts, usually some median and lesser coverts (in some specimens 
most of the median and lesser coverts), but not the rest of the wings. 
The winter and summer plumages are distinct. The sexes are alike 
in winter, but in summer the female has the crown black or black- 
brown, the feathers narrowly edged warm buff and apparently never 
edged white as in many males; nape white more or less washed with 
buff, the feathers spotted and marked with dusky-brown or black 
(in some the distal portions of the feathers are more or less sooty- 
brown); in the male the nape is white, in some the feathers tipped 
dusky and washed with russet ; in the female the mantle and scapulars 
are blacker, the feathers with fewer russet edgings and markings than 
in the male, while the black patch below the eye is less extensive 
and the black band across the sides of the neck narrower; innermost 
secondaries and coverts black-brown glossed olive, or olive-brown 
narrowly margined, and in some with one or two irregular markings of, 
russet, instead of more or less russet or plentifully marked with it as 
in the male: median coverts as in the male, but with less russet and 
more black, in some intermixed with pale drab feathers (sometimes 
tinged russet) with black-brown centres. 
N.B.—The lesser coverts only occasionally appear to be renewed 
in spring in the female, while usually fewer new median coverts are 
_ acquired than in the male. 
One adult male, May, Scotland, has the 2nd primary of each 
Wing in quill, the remaining primaries new: an unusual occurrence 
in spring: the specimen is in full moult in¢luding axillaries and 
under wing-coverts. 
JUVENILE.—Male and female.—Much like the adult in winter 
plumage, but the dark sepia or black-brown feathers of the upper- 
parts and innermost secondaries and coverts tipped light buff (not 
shading at the tip into ashy-brown, dusky or buffish-brown, as in 
_ the adult, in which some of the feathers also are faintly tipped white) ; 
pectoral gorget narrower than in the adult and in some tinged browner, 
