VOL. XI. | MOULITS OF BRITISH WADERS. 181 
First Winter.—Male and female.—The juvenile body-feathers, 
innermost secondaries and coverts, some median and lesser coverts, 
but not the tail-feathers nor the rest of the wings are moulted from 
early autumn to winter. After this moult the birds resemble the 
adults, but are distinguished by the retained juvenile median and 
lesser coverts. 
First SumMER.—Apparently not to be distinguished with certainty 
from the adult. 
Genus Machetes. 
Rurr (Machetes pugnazx). 
ApuLts.—Complete moult from July to December. From March 
to June there is a partial moult involving the body-feathers (not all 
the scapulars, not all, and in some not any, of the feathers of the back 
and rump), usually the tail-feathers, some innermost secondaries 
and coverts, some median and lesser coverts but not the rest of the 
wings. A varying number of winter feathers are retained on the 
upper- and under-parts. The male, as is well known, has a striking 
summer plumage which is subject to great variations in colour and 
is characterised by the assumption of a tippet and ruff. The female 
lacks the tippet and ruff of the male, and as compared with the latter 
has a sombre breeding plumage. In winter the sexes are alike in 
plumage, but the female may always be distinguished by her 
smaller size. 
JUVENILE.—Male and female.—The upper-parts are distinct but 
the under-parts are much like the adult in winter plumage. Upper- 
parts sepia or blackish-brown, the feathers fringed warm or ochraceous- 
buff, nape pale ashy-brown, the feathers fringed warm buff (in the 
adult the upper-parts are pale sepia, the feathers with dark shafts 
and lighter edges, in some the feathers with central shadings of black- 
brown) ; lower throat, sides of neck, breast and flanks warm buff (in 
the adult the lower throat and sides of neck and breast are pale ashy- 
brown, the feathers broadly edged white; in some the lower throat 
and sides of neck faintly spotted sepia: flanks white, some tinged 
ashy); tail-feathers ash-brown bordered and marked blackish and 
fringed buff (the buff fringes are absent in the adults); wing as in 
the adult, but innermost secondaries as upper-parts, not pale sepia 
with one or two irregular black marks as in the adult ; greater, median 
and lesser coverts ash-brown or pale sepia bordered with darker brown 
and fringed warm or ochraceous-buff (in the adult these coverts are 
sepia, broadly tipped white, the inner greater coverts in some with 
a subterminal black patch on each web, the median and lesser coverts 
pale sepia with dark shafts and lighter edges and faintly tipped white). 
The sexes are alike in plumage but the female is smaller. 
First Wuiyter.—Male and female.—The juvenile body-feathers 
(not all the scapulars), sometimes the tail-feathers, some innermost 
secondaries and coverts, some median and lesser coverts are moulted 
from August to December, but not the rest of the wings. The birds 
now resemble the adults in winter plumage, but are distinguished 
by the juvenile median and lesser coverts and one or two worn juvenile 
innermost secondaries and scapulars. 
First SumMMER.—Moult as in the adults, and only to be distinguished 
from the adults when the buff edges to the juvenile wing-coverts 
have not become completely abraded. 
GENUS Calidris. 
THE SANDERLING. (Calidris alba). 
ApuLts.—Complete moult from July to November. From March 
to June there is a partial moult involving the body-feathers (not all 
the scapulars, not all, and sometimes not any, of the feathers of the back 
