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THE MOULTS AND SEQUENCE OF PLUMAGES 
OF THE BRITISH WADERS. 
BY 
ANNIE C. JACKSON, Hon. MEM. B.o.U. 
Parr V. 
GeEnvus Lrolia. 
THE species included in this genus have a complete moult 
in autumn ; in the American and Siberian Pectoral Sandpipers, 
Baird’s Sandpiper and Bonaparte’s Sandpiper, the body- 
moult takes place in early autumn (August and September) 
while the moult of the wing-quills is deferred till winter 
or early spring, and is often not completed before the 
commencement of the spring moult. The spring moult is 
partial, involving the body-feathers, sometimes the central 
pair of tail-feathers, in some all tail-feathers, some innermost 
secondaries and coverts and usually some median and lesser 
coverts ; in the Stints the remiges also are moulted in spring. 
The summer plumage is distinct from the winter plumage 
except in the Buff-breasted Sandpiper. The sexes are alike 
in plumage, but in the Knot and the Curlew-Sandpiper they 
differ shghtly in summer plumage. 
The juvenile plumage rather resembles that of the adult 
in summer in the Dunlin, American Pectoral Sandpiper and 
Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper, and that of the adult in winter 
in the Knot, Baird’s Sandpiper and the Purple Sandpiper ; 
in the Curlew-Sandpiper, the Stints and Bonaparte’s Sand- 
piper, the upper-parts are distinct, but the under-parts are 
much like the adult in winter plumage. The moult from 
the juvenile to the first winter plumage involves the body- 
feathers, sometimes the central pair of tail-feathers, in some 
all the tail-feathers, innermost secondaries and coverts and 
usually some median and lesser coverts. The first winter 
plumage resembles that of the adult, but may be distinguished 
from it. No first winter specimens of the American Pectoral 
Sandpiper or the Buff-breasted Sandpiper were examinedy 
The spring moult of the first winter bird is like that of the 
adult. No first summer specimens of the Curlew-Sandpiper, 
American Pectoral Sandpiper, Bonaparte’s Sandpiper or 
the Buff-breasted Sandpiper were examined ; first summer 
Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper and Baird’s Sandpiper cannot be 
distinguished from the adults ; first summer Dunlin, Stints 
and Purple Sandpiper are only to be distinguished when the 
retained juvenile wing-coverts are not too abraded. 

