


230 _-- BRITISH BIRDS. [VvoL. XI 
are alike in plumage, but the female is the larger and has the bill and 
wings longer than the male. 
N.B.—The amount of black on the belly in summer varies — 
individually. 
JUVENILE.—Male and female.—Resembles the adult in summer : 
plumage but differs in having the feathers of the black-brown crown } 
with ochraceous-buff, rather’ than pinkish-cinnamon, edges; nape 
ash-brown streaked dusky, and more or less suffused with buff (in the 
adult the nape is dusky-white or buffish-white, in some washed pinkish- — 
cinnamon with pronounced streaks of dusky) ; the black-brown mantle 
and scapulars in the adult have the feathers broadly edged and marked 
with orange-cinnamon, while in the juvenile these feathers are narrowly 
margined with cream, light or ochraceous buff ; back, rump and central — 
upper tail-coverts ash- brown, some of the upper tail-coverts black- _ 
brown, the feathers edged ochraceous-buff (in the adult the back — 
and rump are ash-brown interspersed with new black-brown feathers . 
edged orange-cinnamon and the new central upper tail-coverts are — 
black-brown tipped and irregularly marked orange-cinnamon); lower — 
throat and upper breast greyish-buff, light or warm buff, the feathers | 
streaked and spotted sepia (in the adult, these areas are white or buff 
heavily streaked black-brown); belly white, spotted and blotched 
sepia or dusky-brown (in the adult black, the feathers with faint white 
tips and more or less white towards base, intermixed to a greater or 
lesser extent with white) ; flanks white, in some washed buff with large 
spots or streaks of dusky (in the adult white in some marked dusky) ; 
tail-feathers as in adult winter plumage, but edged light buff; wing as 
in adult in winter but the innermost secondaries and coverts edged 
light or ochraceous buff instead of faintly margined white as in the 
adult ; median and lesser coverts ash-brown fringed warm or ochraceous 
buff instead of with whitish edges as in the adult. 
First WintEeR.—Male and female.—The juvenile body-plumage 
(usually not the feathers of the rump but occasionally some), some 
innermost secondaries and coverts, some median and lesser coverts, 
but apparently not the tail-feathers and not the rest of the wings, are 
moulted from August to November. After this moult the birds are 
like the adults, but are distinguished by the retained juvenile feathers 
of the back and rump and the retained juvenile wing-coverts. 
N.B.—One female (February) had retained all the juvenile innermost 
secondaries and coverts and wing-coverts and was not in moult. 
First SummMEeR.—Moult as in the adult, but apparently the central 
tail-feathers are not moulted. Plumage as in the adult, from which the 
first summer bird is distinguished by the buff edges of the retained 
juvenile wing-coverts, usually least abraded on the innermost median 
coverts. 
In E. a. sakhalina the moults and sequence of plumages are the same 
asin H.a.alpina. In spring, however, the central tail-feathers appear 
to be more generally moulted and in one specimen a new median covert — 
had been acquired. 














‘ 
(To be continued.) 
