The Future of Man—Evolutionary Aspects 
deal with the problems of the social habitat, which man has 
created himself, we need a science of social ecology. 
The outstanding social habitat is the city, the habitat of 
civilized man; as Lewis Mumford has so beautifully demon- 
strated in his great book3, The City in History, the history of cities 
is also the history of civilization. However, cities are now 
becoming self-defeating; if the growth of human civilization 
is to be fostered and not frustrated, it will be necessary to devote 
more and more attention to the social ecology of cities. Thus 
mere increase of size and numbers beyond a certain point brings 
its own problems of traffic congestion, commuting, and general 
frustration, and bad planning in the past necessitates so-called 
urban renewal in the present. 
The city also can provide important enjoyment resources, not 
only as a centre for entertainment and the arts, but also in 
visual enjoyment of good planning and fine architecture. 
Next we come to psychological ecology—the mind’s investi- 
gation of itself and its own psychological habitat. We must 
explore qualitative inner space as well as quantitative outer 
space. This, of course, includes the exploration of our own 
individual minds and their operations, and also exploration of 
the noosphere, the realm of thought and feeling which our minds 
create in interaction with the fact of experience, the psycholo- 
gical habitat in which we live and on whose resources we must 
draw. — 
As regards our individual minds, the main aim must be to 
canalize their development so as to reconcile or transcend con- 
flicting drives and impulses, and to develop effective psycholo- 
gical bonds with other individuals and with nature around us. 
Much of this will be psychotechnology. 
This will help us to correct various unfortunate tendencies— 
the tendency to find scapegoats for one’s own guilt, the ten- 
dency to put off one’s own responsibilities on to someone or 
something else, as when we ascribe our own wishes and purposes 
to the State or to God. It will help to prevent us discharging 
our aggressive impulses and our hates in wrong and dangerous 
ways, and help us to avoid reification—erecting abstractions to 
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