ARTUR GLIKSON 
is in essential ways analogous to the processes of biological 
evolution. This evolution may be understood as the continual 
grafting of new types of environmental relationships on earlier 
types. It is not a disconnected sequence of incompatible 
attitudes displacing one another. At each stage specific values 
have been created and, in the sequence of stages, an accumu- 
lation and integration of these values has been accomplished. 
In this way, the reality of the man-environment relationship 
has been progressively extended and intensified, and so has 
the scope of environmental problems to be solved by man. 
Evolutionary continuity creates multiplicity, and integration 
becomes a recurring task for each new generation. 
How has this “grafting”? of the values of environmental 
relationship been accomplished? Carl Sauer gives a plausible 
explanation of the processes of cultural and environmental 
transformation. According to him, the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic 
and Neolithic represent a sequence of cultural stages through 
the integration of diversified skills and ideas originating in 
different regions. He considers that hunting, plant cultivation 
and the keeping of domestic animals were introduced to 
Europe, for instance, by outside people. Most cultural trends 
have specific “hearths”? or points of origin. Environmental 
evolution and the related human evolution have been connected 
from the beginning with world-wide human interaction and 
cross-fertilization of diversified ideas and values. The process 
consists largely of the assimilation and integration of 
“transported”? practices, attitudes and values into existing 
relationships, with the result that a new type of environmental 
relationship and structure is formed. Today, with the dispersal 
of technology and civilization from two or three world centres, 
we observe such processes in all parts of the world, but they 
are of ancient origin. 
I have offered a few representative illustrations of the growth 
of man’s multiple relationships to his environment and of the 
progressive increase of the complexity of the environment as 
a fact in human life. They suffice to imply three fundamental 
values which must be aimed at in any attempt at the creative 
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