Man’s Relationship to His Environment 
modification of the environment, and which have been valid 
since the first city was founded. 
(1) The establishment of life-enriching contacts with places 
and communities through an order of mobility. 
(2) The self-identification of man and community with a 
modified space and biota, to be achieved by a conscious 
relationship to environment, which can be realized only in an 
order of sedentariness. 
(3) The co-ordination and mutual adjustment of human and 
material opposites and diversified ways of living in composite 
environmental structures, the towns and urban regions. 
ENVIRONMENT OF METROPOLITAN CIVILIZATION 
In view of these values, examination of contemporary trends 
reveals the extent of the present human and environmental 
emergency. Our answer to the problem of increased land 
requirements for habitation, production, circulation and re- 
creation has been the specialization of land use, mainly in the 
highly developed countries. But, while the specialization of 
land use for crafts, trades, crops, etc., on the small scale of 
medieval and renaissance towns became an asset to environ- 
mental utility and beauty, a specialization on the huge scale of 
contemporary population concentrations disrupts the relation- 
ships of a community to the regional environment. The 
landscape has been subdivided into mutually exclusive or 
conflicting land use areas for the production of maximal amounts 
of food, timber, water and energy to supply the increased 
concentrations of population and the increased requirements of 
a high technological standard. The necessity to introduce new 
land-use types and methods has led to the implementation of 
powerful and quickly superseded stop-gap measures provided 
by science and technology. The new type of land use has not 
led to a new relationship, but only to an increasing alienation 
of man from his environment. In many regions today, 
“landscape”’ does not mean a complex biotic and spatial fact, 
surrounding and accompanying man’s daily movements, but 
only an illusory notion of a recreational environment. 
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