Sociological Aspects 
and we should be alert to the danger that our society could 
eventually end up that way. In contrast to the ants, man has 
the power to do something about it. 
Klein: I should like to refer to the building up of environ- 
ments, described by Glikson. This is not only a human problem 
but also a biological problem for any species. As von Uexkiill, 
the German biologist, pointed out years ago, any species living 
in a specific habitat builds up its own environment. As human 
beings, we have not yet quite grasped the significance of 
environment proper to each species. All that Glikson said 
about man may be applied to animal species also. 
I agree that we have to build up new cities and new environ- 
ments, but this is not a very new idea; in every century there 
have been people trying out such plans, especially in France 
where town planning has often been characteristic of French 
civilization. In the 17th and 18th centuries there were 
eminent architects who planned not only cities but also com- 
plete landscapes. I think one of the most important of these 
was Ledoux, who built up an ideal city in the French Jura. 
This city was built for a salt mine, which seems surprising, but 
in the 18th century salt was as precious as any material in the 
world. It was planned as a functional city, and not only as a 
decorative one, and it was set in a beautiful landscape in the 
French Jura. Ruins of this city remain today. 
Glikson: I agree that planning is not a modern invention. 
Perhaps the first examples of comprehensive planning are the 
Neolithic villages because there you find an artificial landscape 
created according to a plan. Modern planning has not yet 
created a good relationship between the timeless values of man’s 
environmental relationship, which we are now trying to recover, 
and contemporary conditions of life; we have perhaps started 
to consider renewal of environmental quality, but we are still 
far from any really valuable achievements. 
Brock: MacKay’s paper seems to link up with the remark 
made by Parkes about our being obligatory extrapolationists. 
Is there any other method of prediction besides extrapolation ? 
The only other method which has been referred to so far is 
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