Biological Future of Man 
same culture that has uniquely acquired the power of global 
annihilation must generate the largest quota of intellectual and 
social insight to secure its own survival? 
The recent achievements of molecular biology strengthen our 
eugenic means to achieve this purpose. But do they necessarily 
support proposals to transfer animal husbandry to man? My 
own first conclusion is that the technology of human genetics 
is pitifully clumsy, even by the standards of practical agriculture. 
Surely within a few generations we can expect to learn tricks 
of immeasurable advantage. Why bother now with somatic 
selection, so slow in its impact? Investing a fraction of the 
effort, we should soon learn how to manipulate chromosome 
ploidy, homozygosis, gametic selection, full diagnosis of hetero- 
zygotes, to accomplish in one or two generations of eugenic 
practice what would now take ten or one hundred. What a 
clumsy job we would have done on mongolism even just five 
years ago, before we understood the chromosomal basis of this 
disease! No one would undertake a costly programme of animal 
improvement without a clear cut engineering design from which 
we could compute the anticipated benefits in relation to the 
costs. 
As further extensions of experimental cytology, we might 
anticipate the zn vitro culture of germ cells and such manipula- 
tions as the interchange of chromosomes and segments. The 
ultimate application of molecular biology would be the direct 
control of nucleotide sequences in human chromosomes, coupled 
with recognition, selection and integration of the desired genes, 
of which the existing population furnishes a considerable variety. 
These notions of a future eugenics are, I think, the popular 
view of the distant réle of molecular biology in human evolution, 
but I believe that they mis-state its real impact on human 
biology in the near furure. What we have overlooked is 
euphenics, the engineering of human development. 
Development is the translation of the genetic instructions of the 
egg, embodied in its DNA, which direct the unfolding of its 
substance to form the living, breathing organism. The crucial 
problem of embryology is the regulation and execution of 
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