HUDSON HOAGLAND 
behavioural and social sciences may be used for evil purposes 
has slowed their development and _ blocked their use for con- 
structive purposes. We need a larger investment of talent in 
these fields, commensurate with their importance. As someone 
has said, understanding the atom is child’s play compared to 
understanding child’s play. 
CONTROL OF BEHAVIOUR BY PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS 
The example of behavioural science best known to the public 
is that school of psychiatry known as psychoanalysis, which is 
not a science at all but a kind of authoritarian mystique based 
upon a variety of unverifiable assumptions. Most psychiatrists 
are not members of the orthodox school of psychoanalysts but 
use some useful Freudian concepts in dealing with the psycho- 
dynamics of mentally ill patients. So far basic neurophysiology 
and biochemistry have contributed little to our understanding 
of the causes and cures of mental illness. But there is good 
reason to believe that progress in brain chemistry and physio- 
logy will bring insights into disorders such as schizophrenia, 
and ultimately make available rational chemotherapeutic pro- 
cedures. However, the purely empirical uses of shock therapy 
and pharmacological agents, especially when used in con- 
junction with psychotherapy and social therapy, have in 
recent years returned many mental patients from hospital to 
effective social life. A book edited by Hoch and Zubin, The 
Future of Psychiatry, is recommended to those interested in this 
topics. 
Psychopharmacology is a new empirical field that has deve- 
loped rapidly over the last decade, and the use of drugs for the 
treatment of psychiatric disorders has furnished its major thrust. 
The pharmaceutical industry has produced hundreds of com- 
pounds faster than they can be tested in the clinic. These 
substances fall roughly into five groups. There are the stimulant 
drugs, such as ephedrine and its derivatives, which increase 
wakefulness and decrease fatigue under some conditions but 
also have some undesirable side effects on the central nervous 
system. The anti-depressant drugs include iproniazid (Marsilid) 
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