Future of the Mind 
compares badly with other animal species. What other animal 
can walk forty kilometres, swim two kilometres and after all that 
climb a fifteen-metre tree? Man is a pretty good all-round 
beast, and that makes me a little more hopeful about the much 
more important issues which Dr. Chisholm raised. 
I would like to remind Professor Young that in perhaps the 
most important of the Indian philosophies, the samkhya philo- 
sophy, there is a phrase, /inga-sarvia, which roughly corresponds 
to “‘mind’’. Linga means symbol and sarvia means body, so 
this means the symbol-body, the body consisting of models, if 
you like, or perhaps messages. It is something somewhere in 
space and time and is essentially similar to the “gross”? body 
which is made, according to that philosophy, from a rather 
different kind of matter—call it electrical oscillations or what- 
ever you please. I am inclined to think that the ancient Indian 
philosophies were gloriously muddled up by scribes, and very 
badly mistranslated, but perhaps they have something to suggest 
to Western philosophies. 
MacKay: Iagree with Dr. Hoagland that it is “‘necessary”’ 
to treat one another as free and accountable even though our 
brains be physically determinate; but I think that this freedom 
is a matter of fact, and not of convention, still less of ‘‘inevitable 
ignorance’”’. 
Suppose that tomorrow you must make up your mind between 
two options—say X and Y. If your brain and all that acts on 
it were as mechanical as clockwork, you might suppose that 
there must exist, in the common calculus, a formula that deter- 
mines already the form of your choice, so that your sense of 
““freedom”’ is illusory. 
The remarkable fact is that no such formula exists in the 
common calculus. Any formula such as “Tomorrow he will 
certainly choose X”’ is one that you are not merely entitled, 
but logically bound, to reject; for if you believed it today, your 
brain would not conform to the condition presupposed in the 
formula (namely, that you were not going to make up your 
mind until tomorrow). Thus whether or not an ideal ‘‘ detached 
observer”? could predict your choice, you are correct in 
327 
