DISCUSSION 
Young: Animals of all sorts indulge in symbolic conflict. 
This is a very important point which has not been nearly 
sufficiently realized. Professor Wynne Edwards of Aberdeen 
has written a very interesting book on this, Animal Dispersion 
in Relation to Social Behaviour!. Right through the whole animal 
kingdom animals engage in symbolic conflicts in order to 
distribute themselves appropriately around the area available. 
Huxley: ‘This is an important and exciting idea, which needs 
following up in the human field. 
As regards the problem of conflict, the wolf story is really 
extraordinarily interesting. Wolves are social animals and, as 
Lorenz showed, if there is a fight between an older and a 
younger wolf, and the younger wolf is being beaten, he adopts 
an appeasement attitude, presenting the nape of his neck to the 
other, and this automatically inhibits further attack. 
I was once with Pavan, the South American geneticist, in 
the Great Smoky Mountains, and we came across the first wild 
bear either of us had ever seen. We got out of our car to take 
a picture and Pavan for some reason made a face at the bear, 
whereupon the bear made the same sort of face back and 
rushed at him: I have never seen anybody run so fast. Pavan’s 
grimace was an automatic sign-stimulus for the bear, calling out 
a completely genetic reaction. We often react in a similarly 
automatic way, but to learnt sign-stimuli, such as God or 
Fatherland. 
Klein: Karli in my laboratory has been doing experiments 
for several years now on interspecific aggressive behaviour 
between rats and mice. There are rats which spontaneously 
and constantly kill and others which never kill a mouse, and 
we do not clearly see today where the individual differences are. 
Stereotaxic operations on definite areas of the forebrain or on 
the amygdala can, however, transform non-killers into killers, 
and killers into non-killers. 
I feel that hormonal control of behaviour has been pushed 
into the background. Dr. Pincus did not tell us anything about 
hormonal control of classic sexual behaviour. Even the beha- 
viour of a particular rat can change in a few hours. Karli has 
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