B • TURBULENT FLOW 



1000 



100 



Uk/v 



Fig. B,23b. Factor for effect of sand-grain roughness on 

 local skin friction coefficient, after Clauser [83]. 



1000 



100 



Fig. B,23c. Factor for effect of pressure gradient on 

 local skin friction coeflBcient, after Clauser [83]. 



be desired in order to test the universality of the method. The term 

 "universal" is here used in the restricted sense of applying only to equi- 

 librium boundary layers. 



The effect of roughness on velocity distribution is reflected in a raising 

 of the shape parameter H. This effect has been shown by Hama [97] for a 

 wide range of conditions. Since Clauser's integral shape parameter G is 



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