64 Conception, Birth and Infancy in 



107 G. Pitre, op. cit. (see note 86) , II, 145 : if the baby is not put at once on 

 the floor, it will die in the hospital; G. Finamore, op. cit. (see note 5), 67-68: on 

 piano del jocolare; S. A. Guastella, Canti popolari del circondario di Modica, 

 CXIV; cf. A. Dieterich, Mutter Erde 3 , 7; 10-11; Non. 528. 



108 We may conjecture this on the basis of Macrob. 1.12.20. H. J. Rose 

 (Primitive Culture, 133) has a different theory: "Laid on ground to provide it 

 with a soul that comes from Mother Earth." 



109 Z. Zanetti, La medicina, 136; Nonne e Bambini, 9. 



110 C. Guerrieri, "Credenze, superstizioni e usi popolari in Rimini e suoi 

 dintorni", Rivista delle tradizioni popolari italiane, I (1893-1894), 315. 



111 Cf., e.g., Jul. Obs. Prod. 37; 48: 41: 44; 46; 47; 83: 51: 66; 88; 111 for 

 these, and, in general, Lucan 1.562-563. Emperor Augustus abhorred freaks 

 of nature (Suet. Aug. 83), but usually the Romans took great interest in such 

 creatures as dwarfs, giants, congenital idiots. The classical student who wishes 

 to find exact parallels for the monstrosities which Roman writers mention as 

 portents may be referred to the illustrations in such books as R. Meyer and 

 E. Schwalbe, Studien %ur Pathologie der Entwicklung; E. Schwalbe, Die Morpho- 

 logie der Missbildungen der Menschen und der Tiere (vol. II) ; A. Foster, Die 

 Missbildungen des Menschen; F. Ahlfeld, Die Missbildungen des Menschen; 

 Adolph G. Otto, Monstrorum sexcentorum descriptio anatomica; C. J. S. Thomp- 

 son, The Mystery and Lore of Monsters; Ivar Broman, Normale und Abnorme 

 Entwicklung des Menschen, and especially Barton C. Hirst and George A. Piersol, 

 Human Monstrosities in four volumes. 



112 Cic. De Div. 1.43.98; Liv. 27.37.5; 39.22; Jul. Obs. Prod. 38; 46; 81; 86; 

 92; 107; 110. Sometimes the portentous androgynus was not discovered before it 

 had reached some maturity (aged 8, 12 or 16), but it had to die for the safety 

 of the state: Jul. Obs. Prod. 46; 56; 96; 108; 113. 



113 Capit. Ant. Pius 9.1-3. In a more modern spirit Emperor Augustus honored 

 with a monument the grave of a mother who had done so well by the population 

 of her country only to die after her achievement: Gell. 10.2. See also Phlegon 

 Trail. De Mirabilibus, 29. 



114 N.H. 7.33. The top record for antiquity seems to have been seven: N.H. 

 7.33. 



115 Cic. De Leg. 3.8.19; Sen. De Ira 1.15.2. 



116 The ethical aspects of this are discussed by P. D. Fischer, Italien, 351-352; 

 C. J. A. Mittermaier, Italienische Zustdnde, 167-171. See also R. Kleinpaul, 

 Roma Capitale, Romische Lebens- und Landschaftsbilder, 150 ff. 



117 E. Neville-Rolfe, Naples in 1888, 18-19 ; cf. A. Rumpelt, Sicilien und die 

 Sicilianer, 161-162. 



118 Cf. E. Neville-Rolfe, op. cit. 25. 



119 Paul. Exc. 118.6 (Edit, of Lindsay 105.13); cf. Hulsebos, De Educatione et 

 institutione apud Romanos, 28 ; G. Pinto, Storia della medicina in Roma al tempo 

 de' re e della republica, 412. 



120 C. E. Whitcomb, A Little Journey to Italy, 77; Poujoulat, Toscane et Rome, 

 318-319. The classical student will be reminded of a similar use of a token of 

 hospitality tessera hospitalis. Naturally enough the reclamations are few: Cf. 

 C. R. Weld, Last Winter in Rome, 201; 203. 



