Ancient Rome and Modern Italy 73 



275 Z. Zanetti, Nonne e bambini, 25. 



276 G. Bellucci, op. cit. (see note 38), 47; M. L. Wagner, op. cit. (see note 

 230), 140, tav. II; Z. Zanetti, La medicina, 254; O. Keller, Die antike Tierzvelt, 

 II, 541-544; fig. 155-156. 



277 G. Bellucci, op. cit. (see note 38), 38, fig. 18; 39, fig. 19; 40, fig. 20; cf. the 

 pectunculus: 41, fig. 21; Amuleti (see note 45), 253, numbers 14-16. 



278 E. P. Heaton, By-paths in Sicily, 83. We may compare the conca venerea 

 used against worms and the purcidduzzu di S. Antoni shell: G. Pitre, op. cit. (see 

 note 46), 397; 457: a cowrie amulet for nephritic colic. 



279 Cf. Z. Zanetti, La medicina, 8. See also my article "Undesirable Guests 

 and Unwilling Hosts, Parasites in Ancient and Modern Italian Folkmedicine", 

 Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, XV (1947), 

 26-35. 



280 Cat. De Agric. 126; cf. Cels. 4.24.1, and, for modern times, C. Coronedi- 

 Berti, op. cit. (see note 6), 9. To kill tapeworms our doctors may prescribe 

 the fresh bark of pomegranate root macerated in hot water and boiled down to 

 half bulk. The doses are followed by a purgative: E. Cautley, The Diseases of 

 Infants and Children, 313. But the preferred remedy is the liquid extract of 

 male fern (filis mas), the oleoresin of aspidium: H. R. Litchfield, Therapeutics 

 of Infancy and Childhood, 1893; H. Koplik, The Diseases of Infancy and Child- 

 hood, 558; Sir James F. Goodhart, The Diseases of Children, 12 155; H. Klein- 

 schmidt, Treatment of Disease in Infants and Children (Translation of H. M. 

 Greenwald), 143. 



281 Pliny's list of expellants includes lupines, rue, pepper, ordinary wormwood 

 and sea wormwood: N.H. 22.155; 27.48; 27.53; 32.100. Cf. Cels. 4.24.7. For 

 Italian use: Z. Zanetti, Nonne e bambini, 33; C. Coronedi-Berti, op. cit., 8; 

 M. Pasquarelli, op. cit. (see note 4), XV, 503. The roundworm is assailed 

 with wormwood, i.e. santonin from santonica (Artemisia pauciflora) and calomel: 

 J. P. Crozier Griffith, The Diseases of Infants and Children, 3 647; H. D. Chapin, 

 Diseases of Infants and Children, 203; Dawson Williams, Medical Diseases of 

 Infancy and Childhood, 2 403, or with the safer and more effective oil of cheno- 

 podium: L. Fischer, The Baby and Growing Child, 145; E. Cautley, op. cit. 

 (see note 280), 314; H. Kleinschmidt, op. cit. (see note 280), 145. Wormwood 



is also used as a remedy for the Oxyuris vermicularis, pin worm, seat worm, or 

 thread worm: L. Fischer, op. cit., 144; D. Williams, op. cit., 405; Eustace Smith, 

 On the Wasting Diseases of Infants and Children, 6 240. 



282 For antiquity: Cels. 4.24.1-2. The pediatrician may use an infusion of 

 garlic in an enema to dislodge pin worms: H. M. McClanahan, Pediatrics for 

 the General Practitioner, 209; E. Cautley, op. cit. (see note 280), 315. 



283 M. Pasquarelli, loc. cit.; Zanetti, La medicina, 155 ; C. Coronedi-Berti, 

 op. cit., 9. Among ancient references: Cels. 4.24.1. 



284 Zanetti, La medicina, 157; Nonne e bambini, 33; M. Pasquarelli, op. cit., 

 503; G. Ferraro, op. cit. (see note 6), 133. 



™*N.H. 22.155. 



286 G. Pinoli, op. cit. (see note 155), 79-80. Rue is an Italian cure-all: A. 

 DAmato, "Folklore irpino", II folklore italiano, I (1925), 83. 



287 G. Pitre, op. cit. (see note 46), 388. 



