how to determine proper jet-nozzle sizes, nozzle velocities, mud-rising velocities 

 in the annulus, and mud-pressure losses throughout the hydraulic system. Much 

 assistance in this training has been provided by data books and pamphlets de- 

 veloped by manufacturing companies and oil-industry associations. 



Another important phase of training is safety. Because jet-bit operation 

 will increase mud pressures, it is essential that rig crews are aware of the 

 additional hazard. The equipment in the hydraulic system, such as pipe, valves, 

 and fittings, must be checked more carefully and must be maintained in better 

 condition to withstand the additional pressure. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Bielstein, W. J., and Cannon, G. E., 1950, Factors affecting the rate of penetration of rock 



bits: Drilling and Production Practice, v. 61. 

 Bromell, R. J., 1956, Indexing sub reveals effect of bit hydraulics in hard rock drilling, 



Oil and Gas Jour., v. 54, no. 53, p. 130-134. 

 Dodge, N. L., Atkinson, J. E., and Sedor, J., 1955, Deep well drilling, Weeks Island, Louisi- 

 ana: Am. Petroleum Inst., Paper 901-31-1. 

 Eckel, J. R., and Bielstein, W. J., 1951, Nozzle design and its effect on drilling rate and pump 



operation: Drilling and Production Practice, v. 28. 

 Heliums, E. C., 1952a, Effect of pump horsepower on rate of penetration: Drilling and 



Production Practice, v. 83. 

 , 1952b, Performance of power pumps in the 700-horsepower class: Oil and 



Gas Jour., v. 51, no. 24, p. 169-172. 

 Hydraulics Manual, Hughes Tool Co. 

 Johnston, David, and Johnston, W. R., 1953, Current drilling practices in West Texas: 



Drilling and Production Practice, v. 35. 

 Nolley, J. P., Cannon, G. E., and Ragland, Douglas, 1948a, Relation of nozzle fluid velocity 



to rate of penetration with drag-type rotary bits: Drilling and Production Practice, v. 22. 

 __ , 1948b, Results obtained with high-fluid 



velocity rotary bits; Eighth Ann. Convention Am. Assoc. Oil-Weil Drilling Contractors, 



Houston, Oct. 11-13. 

 Payne, L. L., and Nolley, R. H., 1952, Use and advantages of jet-nozzled rock bits: 



Reference Annual, Petroleum Engineer, v. 24, no. 8, p. B105-110. 

 Thompson, G. D., 1953, A practical application of fluid hydraulics to drilling in California: 



Drilling and Production Practice, v. 123. 

 Wardroup, W. R., and Cannon, G. E., 1956, Some factors contributing to increased drilling 



rates: Am. Petroleum Inst., Paper 906-1-K. 

 Willke, H. L., 1956, Trends toward large rigs in fluid-driven pumps: World Oil, v. 143, 



no. 2, p. 109-114; no. 4, p. 144-154. 

 ._ , and Harrington, A. L., 1948, Compounded power pumps drill 10,000 



foot wells: Oil and Gas Jour., v. 47, no. 1, p. 68-71, 108-109. 



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