Dobrin (1954, p. 147) states: "Because uniformity in reference citation among 

 related journals has obvious advantages to authors and readers alike, the present 

 editor, with the concurrence of the Publications Committee, is adopting the U. 

 S. Geological Survey's system for Geophysics." 



The U. S. Geological Survey's pamphlet, from which permission has been 

 granted to quote herein, describes the form of ". . . bibliographic references 

 commonly used in geological publications" as follows: 



Bibliographic lists. — Lists of publications are placed under the heading 

 "Literature Cited" if all are referred to in the text, and "Selected Bibliography" 

 if the list is more extensive. 



Order of items in citation. — The order of items in citations is as follows: 



1. Name of the author cited (surname first, initials or given name next), 

 followed by a comma. If there is only one given name, it is written in 

 full, as Balk, Robert; if more than one, only initials are used, as 

 Moore, R. C. 



2. Year, followed by a comma. 



3. Title of work cited (exactly as to spelling and abbreviation and, as a rule, 

 in full), followed by a colon. 



4. Name of a periodical or of a series of publications in which the paper 

 cited appears, with volume or number (in arabic numerals), exact page 

 or pages referred to (roman or arabic, as in work cited), plate or figure 

 (arabic), and finally, if it seems necessary for identification, place of 

 publication and publisher's name. Citations of papers published in 

 serials should include both the title of the paper and the title of the 

 serial. Some typical citation (p. 3) should be examined in detail, as to 

 punctuation, capitalization, order of items, and abbreviations. 



Order of citations in lists. — The citations are listed in alphabetical order 

 by the name of the author and chronologically under the author. All of an 

 author's individual publications are listed first, then those written with coauthors 

 are listed in alphabetical and chronological order — considering each grouping 

 of authors as a unit. After the first listing use a dash instead of repeating the 

 name or names. One dash takes the place of all the names in the previous 

 citation . . . Complete paging is required for chapters and articles appearing 

 in periodicals, but not for independent publications . . . 



Form of reference in text. — In text, reference is made to the author, year 

 of publication, and specific pages or illustrations: "The group was discussed by 

 Reeside (1927a, p. 5-7; 1923, p. 35), and by several other authors (Imlay, 1938, 

 p. 15, 80-83; Cobban, 1942, p. 67; Kummel, 1948, p. 13, 28)." 



Unpublished information. — Personal communications are referred to in 

 the text and in footnotes but are not listed as literature because they are not 

 available to the reader. Unpublished reports, including U. S. Geological Survey 

 open-file and other manuscript reports, come under this classification. Exception 

 may be made where reports are in process of publication. 



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