ON THE HIERACIA OF NORTH YORKSHIRE. 103 
proaches closely all the others, except Pélosella. The alpine 
species, with large heads of flowers, are frequently difficult to 
distinguish from Aurelle, especially when the primordial leaves 
are rounded ; and when the stem is leafy, they resemble Acci- 
pitrine. H. tridentatum and its allies amongst the Accipitrine 
furnish Aphyllopodous Pulmonaree. 
4, Accipitrina. Mode of propagation by closed buds. Stems 
rigid, always leafy : lower leaves fading before the upper (which 
are always sessile). Involucre contiguous, commonly distinctly 
many-rowed, with spirally arranged phyllaries. Achenia mid- 
dle-sized, truncate (not attenuate) above, with the rays of the 
pappus unequal.—Commonly tall, leafy, late-flowering species, 
with contiguous anthele. The older authors (as “Hieracia fru- 
ticosa”’), have already distinguished this series. The differences 
between phyllopodous and aphyllopodous stems, although es- 
sential characters, are sometimes deceptive in practice, as the 
leaves frequently in the Tridentati, and occasionally also even im 
H. umbellatum itself, are crowded round the base of the stem. 
Whilst accepting these subdivisions as the result of the labours 
of a master of botanical science, and without in any way wishing 
to hint unfavourable criticism respecting them, I would yet sug- 
gest, that of our British Hieracia at least, seeing that the line of 
demarcation between Aurella and Pulmonarea is so much more 
slender than that which separates the two groups when united 
together from Pilosella and Accipitrina, and the latter series from 
each other, a threefold classification (like that, for instance, 
adopted in the two last editions of the ‘ British Flora’) is the 
most natural and easiest for a beginner to understand. Of the 
species described by Fries, only four, which are indigenous to 
this country (viz. pilosuwm, cerinthoides, Iricum, and alpinum), be- 
long to his second subdivision. Of these we all know that H. 
alpinum, as stated above, often very closely resembles H. ni- 
grescens (and its intimate ally, H. Chrysanthum, which equals H. 
atraium plus H. rupestre of British authors) ;* and indeed it is 
placed by the side of it amongst the Vulgati, by Fries, in his 
_ synopsis of Scandinavian /Zieracia in the second volume of the 
‘Summa Vegetabilium’ (published the year after the ‘Symbolz’). 
And assuredly, between piloswm, cerinthoides, and anglicum (the 
latter arranged in the monograph in the next place to pallidum, 
* Vide Hooker and Arnott’s ‘ British Flora,’ seventh edition, page 220. 
