REVIEWS. 187 
to be more or less rich in colouring matters, may be found a useful addi- 
tion to the present list of dye-lichens used in British manufacture. 
VIL. In support of the opinion that many new dye-lichens might thus 
be rendered subservient to our arts and manufactures, we have the testi- 
mony of orchil-makers and dyers themselves, as given in the Great Exhi- 
bition of 1851. (Vide Appendix to Table II.) 
VIII. Chemical analysis has shown that colorific principles, similar to, 
or identical with those, the product of whose metamorphosis is the basis 
of the beautiful colours of orchil, cudbear, and litmus, pervade species 
belonging to several different genera, which are both widely distributed 
over the world, and more or less plentiful in this country. 
IX. Lichens are the most extensively distributed members of the vege- 
table kingdom ; several species are cosmopolitan. The geographical diffu- 
sion of the dye-lichens, even the most valued varieties, is very extensive. 
For instance, Roccella fuciformis and tinectoria occur equally in Europe, 
on the shores of Corsica and Sardinia, and on various parts of the Medi- 
terranean coast ; in Africa, on the Mogadore coast on the north, on various 
members of the Azores group of islands on the west, Angola and the Cape 
on the south, and in Mozambique, Madagascar, and the Mauritius on the 
east ; in Asia, on the coasts of Ceylon, India, and Arabia; in America, on 
the coasts of Chili, Peru, and Brazil, as well as in Australia, New Zea- 
land, the Falkland Islands, and other comparatively unexplored continents 
and islands of the southern hemisphere. Botanical travellers have found 
that there is comparatively little difference between European species of 
Lichens and those of North and South America, India, and New Holland. 
Brown remarked the strong similarity in regard to New Holland species ; 
Humboldt in regard to South American; and of Royle’s collection of 
Himalayan Lichens, Don pronounced almost every one identical with Eu- 
ropean species. Hence the strong probability, in addition to the other 
facts above mentioned, that our colonies and other foreign countries to 
which we have access may become extensive and valuable fields for the 
produce and export of dye-lichens.” 

The Natural History of Pliny. Translated by the late Joun 
Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., and H. T. Riney, Esq., B.A. Vol. III. 
Henry G. Bohn, York-street, Covent-garden. 1855. Price 5s. 
The original translator of ‘ Pliny’s Natural History,’ the vete- 
ran Doctor Philemon Holland, has been dead now upwards of 
two centuries, and his translation is obsolete, and its author in 
oblivion. We have seen part of a translation of Pliny under- 
