394 THE NATIONALITY OR NATIVITY, DENIZENSHIP OR 
fined to this country? Is there one plant, or rather one species 
of plants, which has no representative in some other land? Is 
Vicia levigata confined solely to the pebbly beach at Wey- 
mouth? Is Primula scotica limited to Sutherlandshire? Is 
there no Primrose in Norway agreeing with its Scottish rela- 
tive in all essential characteristics? Is the Scottish Bird’s-eye 
Primrose really distinct from Primula farinosa of Yorkshire 
and the north of England? Is it an unreasonable assumption 
. that a species may have two native countries, or, what amounts 
to the same thing, may be common to two lands? If not ori- 
ginally a native of both, it has grown from time immemorial in 
both; it was either created in one or in both of these places. 
If only in one, it was conveyed in the days of yore or in some 
subsequent time to the other. It is immaterial whether the 
means of transport were accidental or intentional. The causes © 
of its introduction may have been natural or economical. 
Let us suppose that a given plant, say Galium verum, which is 
common both to England and France, was originally created in 
the latter kingdom only, and migrated hither at an early period, 
probably long before the earliest human inhabitants of Britain 
landed on these shores. Is Galiwm verum, on this supposition, 
a native or a denizen? In the case of a member of the human 
family, the simple fact of being born in any given country is a 
sufficient proof that the supposed member is a native of that 
country. No doubt grave inconveniences would occur if plants 
were to be classed according to this law ; for, as has been noticed, 
in the vegetable kingdom we register the phenomena of species 
or groups of beings, and not of individuals. In this sense our 
supposed plant is a native of both countries. If the other as- 
sumption be preferred, viz. that it is a native originally of only 
one of these kingdoms, to which of them is it assignable, Eng- 
land or France? It may be supposed that it could as easily mi- 
grate from England to France as from France to England. It 
may be truly affirmed that we have no data to warrant us in 
assigning the nativity of Galium verum exclusively to France or 
to England. We can say that it has been produced spontane- 
ously in France and England for hundreds, probably for thou- 
sands of years, but we cannot say either that it did not or that 
it did originate in the one or in the other kingdom; nor can we 
affirm that it did not nor that it did simultaneously appear in 
