Hamilton, W. J., Jr. and J. O. Whitaker, Jr. 1979. Mammals of the eastern United States. 

 Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. 346 pp. 



Listed by order. Useful information concerning distribution, habits. Provides range maps and illustrations. For 

 SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: distribution and description only. 



Harper, F. 1961. Land and fresh-water mammals of the Ungava Peninsula. Univ. Kansas 

 Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist. 27: includes pp. 55-62. 



For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: measurements and description. On 16 June an adult female was trapped on a 

 mossy log in swamp among tall and low willows, dwarf birch, CAREX?, sphagnum, and liverwort. She had 7 

 embryos (13mm), enlarged mammary glands (2 pair pectoral, 2 pair inguinal, with drawing), and lateral glands 

 slightly developed (10x4. 5mm). On 17 July a male was trapped on a rock in a brook flowing through mossy 

 woods. Surrounding vegetation included white spruce, tamarack, alder, willow (tall and low), Labrador tea, 

 VIBURNUM EDULE, CORNUS CANADENSIS, RUBUS, COPTIS GROENLANDICA, VIOLA, 

 TRIENTALIS BOREALIS, USNEA, and SPHAGNUM. He had moss (HYLOCOMIUM PYRENACIACUM) 

 in his mouth. Testes were 8X5mm; lateral glands greatly developed 14X8 and 2mm thick; a less developed 

 glandular area was located between each ear and foreleg. Another male found dead on 13 June had testes 

 7.5X6mm and lateral glands greatly developed 15X7mm. On the lemmings were found a flea 

 (MEGABOTHRIS ASIO Aslo) and 3 species of mites (HEMOGAMASUS ALASKENSIS, LAELAPS 

 ALASKENSIS, HAEMOLAELAPS GLASGOWI). 



Heaney, L. R. and E. C. Bimey. 1975. Comments on the distribution and natural history of 

 some mammals in Minnesota. Can. Field-Nat. 89:29-34. 



Observations on the distribution and natural history of 18 species. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS found 10 mi S 

 of Big Falls, an extension of the range in the central U.S. approximately 50 miles to the south of previous 

 records (Wetzel and Gunderson 1949). 



Heller, E. 1910. Mammals of the 1908 Alexander Alaska expedition. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 

 5:321-360. 



For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: collected 8 specimens. 3 are from Cordova in "a tangle of rye-grass, stumps, 

 and salmonberry bushes." Five are from Port Nell Juan in open tundra in very swampy situations near the beach. 



Hinton, M. A. C. 1926. Monograph of the voles & lemmings (Microtinae). Vol. 1. British 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., London. 



Taxonomic discussion of the subfamily. Places SYNAPTOMYS in the group Lemmi and says it is the most 

 primitive of the true lemmings (SYNAPTOMYS, LEMMUS, MYOPUS). Divides the genus in two subgenera 

 (SYNAPTOMYS, MICTOMYS) of which MICTOMYS is the most primitive. Long descriptions of skeletal and 

 dental (rootless cheek teeth) differences with excellent drawings of cheek teeth. Says S. BOREALIS has 8 

 mammae and S. COOPERI 6. Gives 8 species and 9 forms but says many of doubtful validity. 



Hoffmann, R. S., P. L. Wright and F. E. Newby. 1969. Distribution of some mammals in 

 Montana. 1. Mammals other than bats. J. Mammal. 50(3): 579-604. 



Distribution and specimen records listed for select mammals in Montana. SOREX PREBLEl, SCIURUS 

 NIGER, PEROGNATHUS PARVUS, and PROCYON LOTOR are reported for the first time in Montana. Not 



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