extensive data. Two SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS taken at same site in Glacier NP as Wright (1950) on 20-21 

 July 1953 but not taken in other of 17 years trapped since 1949. Gives dates, 15 Sep 1953 and 12 Sept 1956 for 

 2 additional specimens taken at Anaconda Creek, Glacier N. P. (see Weckwerth and Hawley 1962). 



Hollister, N. 1912. Mammals of the Alpine Club expedition to the Mount Robson region. 

 Canadian Alpine Journal, Spec. No. pp. 1-44. 



SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS CHAPMANI recorded from Moose Pass, British Columbia, and Moose Pass 

 Branch of the Smoky River, Alberta (in Howell 1927). 



Hooper, E. T. and B. S. Hart. 1962. A synopsis of Recent North American Microtine rodents. 

 Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 120. 68 pp. 



Systematic study primarily using glans characteristic and comparing cranial and external characteristics. 

 Includes measurements and description of glans for a wide range of rodents including SYNAPTOMYS 

 BOREALIS. The 2 SYNAPTOMYS species are shown to be closely related and the most closely related to 

 them may be PHENACOMYS INTERMEDIUS. 



Howell, A. B. 1927. Revision of the American lemming mice (genus SYNAPTOMYS). N. 

 Amer. Fauna 50. 37 pp. 



A taxonomic revision of the genus SYNAPTOMYS. Gives distribution maps, drawings of dental and cranial 

 characteristics, descriptions of the different subspecies (7), Type localities and citations, and lists of specimens. 

 Ecological information is primarily based on SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI. 



Ingles, L. G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 

 California. 506 pp. 



Very brief description, habitat, shaded map, and key to mammals in WA, OR, and CA. 



Johnson, M. L. and P. W. Cheney. 1953. SYNAPTOMYS in Idaho and northeastern 

 Washington. Murrelet 34:10. 



SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS was collected at one site each in WA and ID. Two immature specimens (1 male, 1 

 female) were collected at Sema Meadows, Washington, 3000 ft, "at the edge of open beaver meadows" on 4-5 

 Aug 1952. Two adults (1 male, 1 female) were collected on Gold Peak Road, Idaho, 4200 ft, in a small bog 

 along a stream on 8 Aug 1952. 



Jones, J. K., Jr. and E. C. Bimey. 1988. Handbook of mammals of the north-central states. U. 

 Minn. Press, Minneapolis. 346 pp. 



Semi-popular account of mammals of the North-Central U.S. with general distribution maps (shading only), 

 description with measurements, some natural history, and selected references. SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS 

 habitat is primarily bogs and marshy areas, but occasionally occurs in more xeric areas including dry woods and 

 sagebrush. It digs short burrows and uses conspicuous runways. Globular nests of dry vegetation are built above 

 ground in winter and below in summer. They do not hibernate. Food is grasses and sedges. Fecal pellets are 

 bright green. The middle claws are enlarged during winter, presumably an adaptation to living in snow. 

 Breeding season form May-Aug. Females produce several litters per year. Number of young range from 2-8, 



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