averaging 4. Females have 4 pair mammae (2 pectoral, 2 inguinal). Presumably northern bog lemmings have 3 

 maturational pelages and 2 seasonal molts in adults as do other microtines. 



Jonkel, C. J. 1959. An ecological and physiological study of pine marten. M.S. Thesis, 

 Montana State Univ., Missoula. 81 pp. 



Concluding phase of a long-term (1952-1958) study in Glacier NP. Investigated minimum breeding age, time of 

 implantation, and ensuing time to parturition and continued studies on the relationship between small mammals 

 and marten population densities. 2 individual SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS trapped at two grids during 2 years. 



Koenigswald, W. V., and L. D. Martin. 1984. Revision of the fossil Lemminae (Rodentia, 

 Mammalia). Spec. Publ. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 9:122-137. 



Fossil history of the Lemminae is revised and three genera recognized: LEMMUS, SYNAPTOMYS, and 

 MICTOMYS. DICROSTONYX and LAGURUS are excluded. Speculates Lemminae originated in Eurasia and 

 SYNAPTOMYS immigrated to North America in the late Pliocene. Uses enamel patterns for comparison. 

 Places SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in the genus MICTOMYS. 



Krebs, C. J. and I. Wingate. 1985. Population fluctuations in the small mammals of the 

 Kluane Region, Yukon Territory. Can. Field-Nat. 99:51-61. 



Looks at population changes in small mammals in the Yukon. Caught 7 SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in 

 1 10,628 snap-trap nights. 



Larrison, E. J. 1970. Washington mammals, their habits, identification, and distribution. 

 Seattle Audubon Soc, Seattle, Wash. 



Gives brief and anecdotal information about life history, identification, and distribution of Washington 

 mammals. Lists locations for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in Washington including E. Fork Gold Creek 

 [specimens from that site have been re-identified as PHENACOMYS. Use of life history information for bog 

 lemmings from this book is problematical since Larrison had misidentified material from both WA and ID (J.D. 

 Reichel, pers. comm.).] 



Larrison, E. J. and D. R. Johnson. 1981. Mammals of Idaho. Univ. Press of Idaho, Moscow. 

 166 pp. 



Gives brief and anecdotal information about life history, identification, and distribution of Idaho mammals. Lists 

 locations for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS in Idaho; Larrison states that some specimens lack grooves in the 

 upper incisors [these and perhaps others have been re-identified as PHENACOMYS. Use of life history 

 information for bog lemmings from this book is problematical since Larrison had misidentified material from 

 both WA and ID (J.D. Reichel, pers. comm.).] 



Layser, E. F. and T. E. Burke. 1973. The northern bog lemming and its unique habitat in 

 northeastern Washington. Murrelet 54:7-8. 



SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS is described from Bunchgrass Meadows in NE Washington at 5000 ft. Area is a 

 true bog/fen of over a square mile with a few small spruce and fir islands. Plants present included: BETULA 

 GLANDULOSA, CAREX LIMOSA, C. SCOPULORUM, DROSERA ANGLICA, LYCOPIUM SITCHENSE, 

 KALMIA POLIFOLIA, SCHEUCHZERLA PALUSTRIS, SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS, and SPHAGNUM. 



26 



