Reichel, J. D. 1984. Ecology of Pacific Northwest alpine mammals. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Wash. 

 StateU., Pullman. 91 pp. 



Information on distribution, dispersal, population structure and habitat use of alpine areas in WA and OR by 

 small mammals. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS one new site, and additional information on another site 

 (Wilson et al. 1980), is given. At sites where lemmings were trapped, Gypsy Peak (918 snap trap-nights) and 

 Slate Peak (1 173 snap trap-nights) each produced a single animal (one male, one female). The Gypsy Peak site 

 was fellfield habitat, while the Slate Peak site was a sedge/graminoid wet meadow. Lemmings were not 

 relocated at the Cascade Creek site of Shaw (1930). 



Reichel, J. D. and S. G. Beckstrom. 1993. Northern bog lemming survey: 1992. [Unpublished 

 report] Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 64 pp. 



Sur\'ey of 21 sites in western Montana for SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS using primarily snaptraps (some 

 comparisons using live traps and pitfalls). Found 5 new sites including the southern-most sites in western North 

 America (map). Compares baits. Lemmings were captured at elevations from 4760-6520 feet. All sites had thick 

 mats of sphagnum moss present. Bog birch and'or a dwarf willow were present at ail sites. At sites where 

 lemmings were found, it took 5-140 trap-nights for the first lemming capture; in contrast, 240-556 trap-nights 

 were tabulated at sites where none were captured. Other species captured at sites with bog lemmings included: 

 MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS, CLETHRIONOMYS GAPPERI, SOREX, and PHENACOMYS 

 INTERMEDIUS. Includes research needs and methods, management recommendations, and references. 



Reichel, J. D. and S. G. Beckstrom. 1994. Northern bog lemming survey: 1993. Montana Natural 

 Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 87 pp. 



During the 1993 field season small mammals were surveyed for at 30 sites, capturing northern bog 

 lemmings at 5 new sites. One site, Wood Creek on the Rocky Mountain Ranger District, Lewis and Clark 

 NF, is the eastern-most site known in Montana and 90 km from the nearest previously known site. Three 

 sites on the Kootenai NF were in the Sunday Creek drainage, 1-6 km from the site discovered there in 1992. 

 The last new site, also on the Kootenai NF, was found at Cody Lake, 32 km from the nearest known site. 

 Despite surveys at 5 sites with apparently good-excellent habitat on the Flathead NF, no new lemming sites 

 were found there. The total number of known bog lemming sites in Montana is 17, the most sites in any of 

 the lower 48 states. All sites found in 1993 had moss mats at or near the trap location. Known sites in 

 Montana range in size from 1 to 340 acres. The best habitat predictor for potential bog lemming sites in 

 Montana is the presence of extensive, thick moss mats, particularly sphagnum moss. More sites with 

 apparently good quality habitat were trapped unsuccessfiilly in 1993 than 1992; whether lemmings are 

 actually present at some or all of those sites is unknown. 



Repenning, C. A. and F. Grady. 1988. The Microtine rodents of the Cheetah room fauna, 



Hamilton Cave, West Virginia, and the origin of SYNAPTOMYS. U.S. Geol. Survey 

 Bull. 1853:1-32. 



Give history of bog lemmings, starting with ancestral form from eastern Europe 4 million yrs ago. Has 

 found evidence that SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI evolved from the MICTOMYS line (which is 3 million yrs 

 old) only about 600,000 yrs ago. 



Rhoads, S. N. 1894. Descriptions of a new subgenus and new species of arvicoline rodents from 

 British Columbia and Washington. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1894:282-288. 



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