Description of Topotype of ARVICOLA BOREALIS (=SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS) of an adult female taken 

 near Ft. Anderson, north of Great Bear Lake. [NOTE: drawing of dentition looks like MICROTUS not 

 SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS]. 



Rose, R. K. and A. M. Spevak. 1978. Aggressive behavior in two sympatric microtine rodents. J. 

 Mammal. 59:213-216. 



SYNAPTOMYS were less aggressive and showed more avoidance than MICROTUS in lab encounter trials. 

 Saunders, W. E. 1927. PHENACOMYS UNGAVA in Ontario. J. Mammal. 8:305-307. 



Notes on captures of PHENACOMYS UNGAVA (=INTERMEDIUS) and SYNAPTOMYS. Caught a 

 SYNAPTOMYS almost daily. 



Scott, P. A. and R. I. C. Hansell. 1989. The lemming community on the lichen-heath tundra at 

 Churchill, Manitoba. Can. Field-Nat. 103:358-362. 



Describes lemming community by species and habitat. For SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS only 2 were captured 

 (2360 trap-nights), one each in a CAREX-moss-SALlX community and a SALIX community. Other species 

 present on the sites of capture included: DICROSTONYX RICHARDSONI and MICROTUS 

 PENNSYLVANICUS. 



Seton, E. T. 1909. Life-histories of northern animals. An account of the mammals of Manitoba. 

 Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 



Repeats other literature briefly (description, distribution, habitat of cold sphagnum bogs). No original 

 information except "shy, secretive, nocturnal" but no citation or indication of where the information came from. 



Severinghaus, W. D. 1981 . Methods useful in distinguishing Microtines sympatric with the 

 subgenus PEDOMYS. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 56:20-22. 



Shaw, W. T. 1930. The lemming mouse in North America and its occurrence in the state of 

 Washington. Murrelet 11:7-10. 



SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS (immature) was first captured in Washington in "the Skagit Valley, Skagit Co. on 

 6 Aug 1 859. At the head of Cascade Creek a single individual was taken on 30 Jul 1 923 and 1 1 more during 

 summer 1926; none were trapped in 1928 and 1929 at the same location. The location was at 5000 f^ at the head 

 of the drainage in a bog-like area. The bog had many logs from avalanches, PERNASSIA FIMBRJATA, 

 CAREX SPECTABILIS, HABENARIA SACCATA, TOFIELDIA OCCIDENTALIS, MIMULUS TILINGI, 

 M. LEWISII, and a thick carpet of moss (H YPNUM). 



Smith, H. C. 1993. Alberta mammals, an atlas and guide. Prov. Mus. Alberta, Edmonton. 238 pp. 



Good general information guide with keys, dot maps, habitat, status in Alberta, and measurements. For 

 SYNAPTOMYS BOREALIS: identifying characteristics and description; mapped locations in N part of Alberta 

 down W side in mountains to within 150 km of US border; status is uncommon though widely distributed; 

 habitat is "moist meadows and bogs;" table with weight and external measurements for male (n=15) and female 

 (n=4) lemmings. 



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