BIPEDS AND QUADRUPEDS. 10/ 



lengthening of the trace : c shows the original draught of 

 the trace. The alteration i» simple enough for a child 

 to make, in fact, as a temporary measure, any bit 

 of strong rope would do as a lengthening; but simple 

 as this is, yet hundreds would daily work horses for 

 years under such disadvantage as I have shewn. I 

 have pointed out this very circumstance to many 

 carters, and indeed owners : the ordinary reply has 

 been, "They've always worked so," or, "It don't mat- 

 ter." It certainly does not matter to the two-legged 

 animal, who drives the four-footed ones ; but it mat- 

 ters greatly to them, and indeed to their masters, if 

 they gave it proper consideration. For if any labour 

 is undertaken by man or beast, if he does it under dis- 

 advantage, one or more, or all of the following results 

 must accrue : either the work will be badly done, a con- 

 siderable amount of useless time will be expended in 

 performing it, or a great and unnecessary expenditure 

 of animal labour will be used in doing it. In either 

 case loss occurs ; if it takes place in either of the two 

 first circumstances, the effect is seen at once, if in the 

 last, possibly it is not seen at the time ; but nature 



