158 BIPEDS AND QTJADRUrEDS. 



cumspect in what he does, more careful not to lay 

 himself open to conviction ; but he will do the same 

 thing or, at all events, be just as inhumane to his 

 animal as he was before ; he will calculate for and 

 against the chances of being detected. If by carry- 

 ing on a system of oppression and cruelty, he finds 

 that the chances are, that on an average he will make 

 more in a given time than the penalty will take 

 from him, he will play the same flagitious game ad 

 infinitum ; but if the fine, by a graduated scale, 

 was made so heavy that, in accordance with the 

 nature of the oiFence, it was far greater in amount 

 than any profit he could expect to make by the abuse 

 of his animals, self-interest (for that alone would 

 have any influence with such a man) would deter 

 him from even risking another conviction. If, for 

 instance, an omnibus or cab owner was convicted of 

 repeated cruelty to his animals, fine him so heavily 

 as to make him seriously feel it, and refuse him a 

 continuance or renewal of his license, either as 

 owner or driver, for if he is a brute he is unfit to be 

 either. It may be said, that being accustomed to 



