126 ARISTOTLE'S ANHOMCEOMERIA 



They seem to occur in all oxen; at any rate, they occurred in 

 all ox hearts which I have dissected. Bones are also said to 

 occur in the hearts of some horses, deer, elephants, and 

 some other animals. 



In H. A. ii. c. 3, s. 5, it is stated that some animals, e.g., 

 the fox, wolf, weasel, and marten, have a bony penis, and 

 that of these the marten certainly has one. Many mammals 

 have a bone, sometimes quite small, in the penis. Such a 

 bone is found, e.g., in the rat, mouse, guinea-pig, monkey, 

 and ape, and in the weasel, marten, and many other car- 

 nivores, but not in the fox and wolf. In a large stoat which 

 I dissected the bone was slender and curved, and about one 

 inch long. 



The feet of pigs are almost always cloven, but in various 

 countries and at different times instances of syndactylism 

 have occurred. Aristotle seems to have been the first to 

 record phenomena of this kind. He says : " There are pigs 

 with solid hoofs in Illyria, Paeonia, and other places." * 

 The syndactylism affects the third and fourth digits, the 

 lateral toes being developed, apparently in all cases, in the 

 usual way. Several instances might be given, but the 

 following will be sufficient. A solid-hoofed sow, received in 

 November, 1876, at the Zoological Gardens, from Cuba, 

 gave birth to a litter of six, three of which were also solid- 

 hoofed. One of these died, and it was found that the 

 extreme distal ends of its ungual phalanges were completely 

 fused together.! Solid-hoofed pigs are said to have been 

 well known and abundant about the year 1823 on the 

 estates then belonging to Sir Neil Menzies, of Eannoch, 

 Perthshire.! Usually, the digits are not united throughout 

 their length ; in fact, Mr. Bateson says that the only case 

 known to him of complete union of the third and fourth 

 digits, there being only a single series of bones, is in the 

 Museum at Alfort.§ 



Aristotle erroneously believed that the bones of the lion, 

 pig, and some other animals either contained no marrow at 

 all or only a little, and this only in a few bones, e.g., the 

 humerus and femur. i| In the lion there are distinct marrow 

 cavities, not only in the humeral and femoral bones, but also 

 in the radial, tibial, metacarpal, and metatarsal bones. The 



- H. A. ii. c. 2, s. 8. f Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 33. 



I Edin. New Philos. Journ., vol. 17, pp. 273-279. 



§ Materials for the Study of Variation, dc, 1894, p. 387. 



II H. A. iii. c. 7, s. 6, iii. c. 15 ; P. A. ii. c. C, 6516. 



