182 ARISTOTLE'S ANHOMCEOMERIA 



He says that the Kyprinos (carp) has its palate so fleshy 

 that it might be mistaken for a tongue.* He is referring to 

 the fleshy and sensitive pad which is found at the back part 

 of the palate of this fish. 



He refers to what he calls the tongue or tongue-like part 

 of cephalopods, molluscs, crustaceans, insects, and other 

 invertebrates, t but it is not always clear to what parts he 

 is referring. In some cases, he evidently refers to the 

 odontophore in molluscs, and the proboscis in insects. 



The olfactory organ in animals with lungs was, according 

 to Aristotle, the nose, but, in animals without lungs, the 

 place of this was taken by the gills, or, in insects, by the 

 hypozoma, or part of the body between the thorax and 

 abdomen. I All these organs corresponded with one another 

 in being cooling organs, and, since the nose was clearly an 

 organ of smell, Aristotle probably reasoned by analogy and 

 concluded that the gills and hypozoma were also organs of 

 smell. 



Fishes, he says, clearly have a sense of smell, for most 

 fishes are attracted by fresh baits only, and some are taken 

 by means of baits having a particular smell. § They have, 

 he says, no visible organs of smell nor visible olfactory 

 passages. II He refers, however, to certain ducts which 

 appeared to be in the place of nostrils ;^ these ducts are 

 now known to be the external olfactory passages of fishes, 

 but Aristotle misunderstood their nature. 



Cephalopods, crustaceans, and insects and other animals 

 belonging to his Entoma have, he states correctly, a sense of 

 smell, and he specially refers to the keenness of the sense of 

 smell in bees.** 



Aristotle's views on the manner in which the presence 

 of an odoriferous substance is detected are not clearly ex- 

 pressed. It appears, however, particularly from De Anima, 

 ii. c. 7, 419a, that he believed that the odoriferous substance 

 affected the medium, such as, for example, air or water, 

 which then affected the sense organ, the medium having a 

 property which had a relation to smell similar to that which 

 Aristotle's Diaphanous had to vision. He himself says that 

 this property has no distinctive name, but, according to 



- H. A. iv. c. 8, s. 4 ; P. A. ii. c. 17, 6606. 

 f P. A. iv. c. 5 ; H. A. iv. cc. 1-5. 

 J P. A. ii. c. 16, 6596. § H. A. iv. c. 8, ss. 11-13. 



II H. A. ii. c. 9, s. 6 ; P. A. ii. c. 10, 656a. 

 '^ H. A. iv. c. 8, a. 5. -* Ihid. iv. c. 8, s. 15. 



