OR ANIMALS WITHOUT BLOOD. 223 



Cicadas have powerful ovipositors by means of which 

 they pierce plants before depositing their eggs, and the 

 young ones drop into the ground and go through an incom- 

 plete metamorphosis. Aristotle says that the Tettix deposits 

 its eggs in certain plants and also in the ground, and he 

 speaks of its larva and of its undergoing a kind of meta- 

 morphosis.* 



The May or dayfly [Ephemera) seems to be described 

 by Aristotle. He says that, about the summer solstice, 

 casings larger than grape seeds float down the river Hypanis 

 (the modern Bug), and, when these casings burst, an 

 insect with four feet escapes, and lives and flies about till 

 evening, when it dies. For this reason, he says, it is called 

 Ephemeron, because it lives only about one day.f He states 

 elsewhere that the Ephemeron has four legs and also four 

 wings, t The Mayfly, however, has six legs, like other insects. 



He uses the word Psyche for several kinds of Lepidop- 

 tera, but, in H. A. v. c. 17, s. 4, he seems to refer to a 

 cabbage butterfly, such as Pieris hrassicce, for he says that 

 the caterpillars of certain kinds of Psyche are produced from 

 something smaller than millet seeds on the leaves of 

 cabbages {Baphanoi or Krambai). He also refers to the 

 loopers or Geometrida:, for he says that the Penia and 

 Hypera are produced from caterpillars which form waves as 

 they walk, the hinder parts of their bodies being bent up 

 towards the front parts. § The larv£e of certain kinds of 

 Tinea, called by him Setes, are referred to m. H. A. v. c. 26, 

 s. 1, where he says that they are found in woollen goods and 

 garments. 



Aristotle says that his Kouleoptera have elytra and are 

 without stings. II Several of the names used by him to 

 denote various kinds of beetles, e. g., Kleros, Karabos, and 

 Melolonthe, are used to-day in a slightly modified form, but 

 only a few of his beetles can be identified satisfactorily. 

 His Kantharos is the Egyptian sacred beetle {Scarabceus 

 sacer), which is found also in southern Europe. He says 

 that it rolls up dung into balls in which its young are pro- 

 duced. H The larvae of Kleros, which Aristotle says infests 

 beehives,** are usually believed to be those of Trichodes 

 apiarius, which often commit great ravages in the hives. 



* H. A. V. c. 24, s. 3. + Ibid. v. c. 17, s. 14. 



I Ibid. i. c. 5, 8. 7. § Ibid. v. c. 17, s. 6. 



II Ibid. i. c. 5, s. 5. H Ibid. v. c. 17, s. 10. 



*- Ibid. viii. c. 26, s. 1, ix. c. 27, s. 20. 



