262 ARISTOTLE'S ENAIMA, 



their works seem to show that these apes were not known 

 to them. The Pithekos, in ^sop's fable, " The PitheJcos and 

 the Dolphin," was evidently a monkey, Arrian's beautiful 

 Indian Pithekoi* Elian's Indian Pithekos, with a long tail, t 

 the clever Pithekos which he once saw holding the reins 

 and, at the same time, using a whip and driving,! and the 

 Pithekoi which were pursued by cats and forced to ascend 

 trees from which they hung down by means of their hands, § 

 were monkeys. Finally, Galen, who had great difficulty in 

 obtaining human bodies for dissection, often dissected a 

 Pithekos instead, and it is clear from his writings that this 

 was a Barbary ape. 



This account of Aristotle's investigations of animals will 

 conclude with a short statement of his views on Man. 



Man is, for him, always ^wov, a living being, an animal, 

 but he is the highest representative of the whole series of 

 living beings. He is distinguished from other animals by 

 having a perception of good and evil, justice and injustice, 

 and the like,l| and by his capability of deliberating and of re- 

 calling anything to mind.U Many animals, Aristotle says, are 

 able to remember, but Man alone is capable of reminiscence, 

 this involving a process of syllogistic reasoning.** Aristotle 

 is very severe in his judgment on some types of men, for he 

 says that those who are not amenable to law and justice are 

 among the worst, and, if devoid of virtue, are the most 

 unholy, savage, and gluttonous animals, while those who are 

 highly cultured are the best and noblest.it 



This discussion of Aristotle's researches in Natural Science 

 shows how vast was the field of knowledge which he at- 

 tempted to traverse. It is not pretended that the discussion 

 is comprehensive. Much that Aristotle included in his 

 voluminous writings has been omitted. That which has 

 been included has been selected with a view to showing 

 fairly the defects of Aristotle's work as well as its excel- 

 lences. Care has been taken to show that his writings 

 contain statements which he could never have attempted 

 to verify, and that he sometimes gave an explanation of 

 phenomena which was based on false data, obtained by 



* Hist. Indica, c. 15. f De Nat. Anim. xvii. 39. 



I Ibid. V. 26. § Ibid. V. 7. 



II Politics, i. c. 1, ss. 10-11. *[ H. A. i. c. 1, s. 15. 

 ** De Memoria, dc, c. 2. f f Politics, i. c. 1, s. 13. 



