24 OSBORN.' 



The rhinoceroses show a veiy marked progression. The 

 large A. Icniancnsc, with compHcated premolars represents one 

 line ; the small Diccrathcriiiin (/ croizcti) mimitum represents 

 the Dicerathere line. Boule has reported a third line, Caihtr- 

 cotherium (Moissac) representing the Amynodontidae. 



Parallel with St. Gerand-le-Puy are : Moissac (Molasse) con- 

 taining the oft quoted D. niinutuvi Cuvier ; Gaiinat (lacustrine) 

 containing the type of A. gannatcnsc which is identical with A- 

 Icniancnsc ; also Randan (lacustrine). Lignitic deposits of this 

 stage are the Lignites de Volx (700 meters, Bas Alpes) and of 

 Manosqnc (600 meters, Aix). 



The former contains the large anthracotheres, A. niagnnni, 

 A. hippoidcuvi, highly characteristic of the upper Oligocene 

 stage. 



Beds paralleled with these by v. Zittel ('93, p. 66), in Ger- 

 many are those of Ulm (Eselsberg and Eckingen) ; the com- 

 plete faunal list of Ulm (Lepsius, '92, p. 570) shows these beds 

 to be transitional between upper Oligocene and lower Miocene 

 age ; v. Zittel however places St. Gerand-le-Puy in the lower 

 Miocene. 



V. MIOCENE OF EUROPE 



The lower Miocene of Europe is sharply separated from the 

 Oligocene both geologically and faunally. Its duration may be 

 judged from the thickness, 2700 metres, of marine deposits in 

 Italy. 



Divisions. — The IVIiocene is clearly divided in some regions 

 into two stages, at others into three, as follows : 



. Tortonien Recession of sea. Mainly fresh water, 



(Oeningien, Grepp) brackish and lacustrine deposits. 



2d Mediterranean. 



(Suess. ) 



1st Mediterranean. 

 (Suess. ) 



Helvetien, Maximum of sea, mainly marine and brack- 



M. E. 1857. ish deposits. 



Local fluviatile and lacustrine deposits in 

 the south. 

 (Falunien, d'Orb. ) 



Langhien. Mainly fluviatile deposits. Invasion of sea on 

 M. E. 1857. the south, partly marine and brackish de 



posits. 

 (Burdigalien, Lapp. Deper. ) 



