40 OSBORN. 



b. Loiver Mid-Plcistoccnc. First Intcrglacial Period {Elcphas 

 trogoiithcrii) Middle Stage, Pohlig. 



This stage marks the recurrence of a more temperate climate, 

 first observed by Lyell and Evans in England and abundantly 

 known in Germany and France. Two only of the characteris- 

 tic Pliocene species recur, Hippopotamus amphibius, and ElepJias 

 antiqiius. These alone have been universally cited as evidence 

 of a south temperate climate but the more numerous northern 

 t"pes still living which are found in this stage constitute still 

 stronger proofs of a )iortJi temperate elimate. 



Geologically the deposits are of fluviatile origin, consisting of 

 river sands and gravels containing Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros 

 merckii and Elephas trogoiitherii. Trogontherium cuvieri makes 

 its last appearance here. 



Geographically the southern continental depression has not 

 begun and the Lower Pleistocene land bridges persisted. 

 Parallel faunae are those of Essex (Ilford, Grays Thurrock, 

 Clacton) and Kent (Erith and Crayford) fully listed by Dawkins 

 ('80, p. 397; '94, p. 243) and Woodward ('83). In Germany 

 the typical fauna is that of Mosbach (Lepsius, '92, p. 652). 

 The Mosbach and Essex faun?e give the following results : 

 4 Pliocene species, (including two li\-ing types) ; 

 7 Pleistocene species, now extinct ; 

 16 Living species (including 2 Pliocene species). 

 The characteristic Pleistocene species which are first recorded 

 in Mosbach are Cerviis megaceros, Cervus (Alces) latifrons, C. 

 elaphus typus, C. Caprcolus typns, Felis spehva, Ursjis spelcEus, 

 Bos taunis. Bison priseus ; in Plssex, Cervus (Megaceros) bel- 

 grandi, HycEua spelcca. Among the living species recorded for 

 the first time or making their first appearance at this stage are 

 Rangifer taraiidiis, Sus scrofa, Eqinis caballns, Felis lynx, Meles 

 taxiis, Arctomys marmotta. The Essex Fauna is fuller but al- 

 though of more southern latitude is not of more southern type, 

 including the northern and north temperate forms Felis catus, 

 Canis ( Vulpes) alopex, Canis lupus, Ursus ferox, Ursus arctos, 

 Lutra Intra. 



