42 OSBORN. 



a marked increase especially in the number of reindeer. The 

 most important new living types are : the steppe antelope Sai'^a 

 prise a {tartarica), the moose ^-J/rrjr inacldis, the Xoxwxmw^, Myodcs 

 la/niiiis, the Siberian jerboa Alactaga saiiciis, Hystrix, Lcpus 

 tiuiidits. These constitute a distinct invasion of north Asiatic 

 forms into the southern steppes. 



Theory of a Mid or Second Glacial Advanxe 



In all the preceding summary a certain faunal succession is 

 noted consisting chiefl}' of elimination of southern types and in- 

 troduction of northern. 



W'oLDRiCH ('96) maintains that all the loess and cave types 

 are of postglacial age — the tundre and steppe types alone rep- 

 resenting the last great glacial advance — after which came the 

 meadow or field (Weide-fauna) and the forest fauna (Wald- 

 fauna) ; he considers the alleged ice periods as mere local 

 oscillations. 



The possibility must also be freely admitted, as discussed by 

 BuLMAX ('93, p. 261), of the existence of south temperate types 

 remote from the Ice Sheet ; we find, for example, in southern 

 Alaska, a very mild climate in proximity to great glaciers ; 

 similar conditions may have existed in southwestern Ireland and 

 southern Europe. 



Other authors such as Boule, have maintained the glacial age 

 of the Tundre and Steppe fauna and the post-glacial age of the 

 Forest fauna. If they are correct the theoiy of an interglacial 

 or second glacial advance would lose its strongest support. It is 

 evident, however, that such a succession of faunas might recur 

 more than once. Nehring has observed in different localities 

 (Westeregeln, Thiede), the unquestionable interglacial age of the 

 steppe fauna and he considers Schweizerbild as interglacial. 



d. Upper Mid-Pleistocene. Elephas priniigeinus Stage, Pohlig 



As we enter the next succeeding life stage, namely, the 

 Loess and Cave Fauna of Central Europe, the stage o\ Elephas 

 prinngenius, Rhinoceros antiquitatis or tiehorhinus and Rangifer 

 tarandus we note the decline of Rhinoceros nierckii and the ab- 



