258 DWIGHT 



Entirely different from the previous plumage. Above, sepia-brown, grayer on the 

 back and obscurely streaked with black, the rump and a concealed crown spot 

 lemon-yellow, the upper tail coverts black, broadly edged with plumbeous gray. 

 Wing coverts black, plumbeous edged and tipped with white tinged with wood- 

 brown forming two wing bands. Below, dull white, washed with pale buff on 

 the throat and sides and obscurely streaked on the breast and sides with black, 

 veiled by whitish edgings. Sides of breast with dull yellow patches. In- 

 complete orbital ring and faintly indicated superciliary stripe white or buffy. 



4. First Nuptial PluiAIAGe acquired by a partial prenuptial 

 moult which involves most of the body plumage and wing cov- 

 erts, occasionall}' a tertiaiy but not the rest of the wings nor the 

 tail. The black and gray of the upper surface, the white wing 

 bars and the yellow crown and rump are new, some of the old 

 upper tail coverts and a part of the feathers of the abdomen and 

 crissum being retained in many cases and less often those of the 

 back and elsewhere. Young and old become practically indis- 

 tinguishable although the young usually have browner and more 

 worn wings and tails, obvious in the primary cov^erts, but the 

 differences are not absolute. 



5. Adult Winter Plumage acquired by a complete po.st- 

 nuptial moult beginning late in July. Differs little from the 

 first winter dress, but the wings and tail are blacker with brighter 

 gray edgings, noticeable especially in the primary coverts. The 

 back is usually grayer and the lower parts whiter, with broader 

 streakings above and below. 



6. Adult Nuptial Plumage acquired by a partial prenuptial 

 moult, as in the young bird from which the adult is usually dis- 

 tinguishable by blacker wings and grayer edgings, especially of 

 the primary coverts. 



Female. — The female has plumages and moults correspond- 

 ing to the male, from which she is not distinguishable until the 

 first winter plumage is assumed, and then not in all cases. The 

 black streaking of this dress is less obvious both above and be- 

 low than in the male, the plumage everywhere is browner, and 

 the crown patch very obscure. The first nuptial plumage is as- 

 sumed by a restricted moult, leaving behind many brown 

 feathers. The brown feathers of the lores and auriculars are 

 assumed by moult. The adult winter plumage is little different 



