MAMMALIA 



15 



Pier-case 4. 



Pleistocene period au extinct species of very large size, whose Pier-case 4. 

 remains are frequently found in the caverns of Europe, Table-ease 

 is named the cave-] )ear (C7'r.s2(6' spelBeus). A skeleton, recon- 

 structed from the bones of several individuals from French 

 caverns, is exhibited in Pier-case 4. Eemaius of this species 

 (Fig. 5) are common in the English and Welsh caverns, Init 

 it does not appear to have reached 

 Ireland or North America. A curious 

 snub-nosed bear (Arcfothcrlum), also 

 (jf large size, existed in the Pleistocene 

 period in America ; and a partially 

 reconstructed skeleton of it, from the 

 |)ampa of Buenos Aires, is mounted in 

 l*ier-case 4. In the Pliocene of 

 Europe and .\sia, and in the Miocene 

 (if Europe, there are bear-like quad- 

 rupeds with square (not elongated) 

 upper grinding teeth (Fig. 6). A very 

 large species, Ifi/asnarctos sivalensis, 

 from the Siwalik Formation of India, 



is represented by a fine skull and other remains in Pier- 

 case 4. This animal seems lo have differed from the bears 

 and resembled the dogs in having a very prominent elljow. 

 Older fossils from the Miocene and Oligocene of Europe, 

 named Amijliicijon and Cephalor/ale (Fig. 7), belong to animals 



Fig. G. — View of grind- 

 ing surface of molar 

 tooth of Hyxnarctos, 

 from the Red Crag of 

 Suffolk ; nat. size. 



Table-case 

 2. 



Fig. 7.— Right ramus of lower jaw of a primitive dog-like, bear-like 

 Mammal [CephalogaU hrevirostris), from the Oligocene Phosphorites 

 of France ; nat. size. 



of a. strictly llesli-eating kind, which were neitlier bears nor 

 tl(jgs, but intermediate between the two families. (lood 

 examples of the dentition are seen in Table-case 2. 



