MAMMALIA. 29 



the " cloven lioof " arrangement attained perfection, working 

 on piilley-jcjints. These modifications of the feet are 

 illustrated in Fig. 17. 



Except that they have a relatively large, highly- Pie-f-eases 

 developed Ijraiu, and curiously modified front teeth which Table-case 

 grow throughout life, the Hippopotamidse are very little 6. 



different from some of the early Eocene Artiodactyla. 

 They ha^■e indeed completely retained the aquatic and 

 marsh-dwelling lialjit. Although the hippopotamus is at 

 present confined to Africa, it also ranged over a large part of 

 Europe and Asia in the Pleistocene period. Eemains of fine 

 animals, which cannot l)e distinguished by their bones and 

 teeth from the existing African Hippopotamus amphibins, 

 are not uncommon in England even so far north as York- 

 shire. A large mandilile from the valley of the Cam at 

 Barrington, near Cambridge, is exhibited in Pier-case 11. 

 In this and the adjacent Table-case G there are also teeth 

 and bones of the same species from the Thames deposits, 

 from Bedford, Essex, Oxfordshire, and Suffolk, and from the 

 Xorfolk Forest Bed. A mandilde and other bones from the 

 Upper riioceue of IMont Terrier, Puy-de-Dome, France, 

 besides remains from the Arno valley in Italy, are likewise 

 shown in Pier-case 11. H. pentlandi is a smaller species, 

 whose bones and teeth occur in such enormous accumulations 

 in the caverns of Sicily, that tliey were dug out and exported 

 from Palermo for many years to l»e calcined for use in sugar- 

 refining, liemains of the same small species are shown from 

 the caverns of ]\Ialta ; and there is a still more pigmy 

 animal, H. minutus, whose bones and teeth were found by 

 Miss D. M. A. Bate in such great abundance in the caverns 

 of Cyprus, that it has been possible to reconstruct the 

 skeleton in Pier-case 11. The remains had prol)ably lieen 

 washed into the caverns by streams and floods. Anotlier 

 small species. If. madagascarie7isis, of which a reconstructed 

 skeleton is exhil)ited in Pier-case 11, seems to have been 

 quite common in ^Madagascar at a late geological period. Xo 

 hip])o])()tamus now lives in ]\Iadagascar, and the bones and 

 teeth of tins small species exhibit so many variations, that it 

 doulitless liad a severe struggle for existence. Although the 

 hippopotamus is now extinct in India, several species lived 

 there in the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods, as shown by 

 the Cautley Collection in I'ier-case 12 and Table-case 6 

 (Fig. 18). The jMiocene and earlier representatives of the 

 family still remain to be discovered, most likely in Africa. 



