!\tA^tAtALtA. 



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( 'rag- and Xorwich Crag, and there is one molar from a fissure Table-case 

 in tlie Chalk at Uewlisli, Dorset. Photographs of the circum- 

 stances under which the latter specimen was discovered are 

 fixed on the wall in the l»ay between Tier-cases 34, 35. 



IJemains of true elepliants are quite common in the ■^^33*3^^^ 

 Lower I'liocene Siwalik Formation and in the Pleistocene Table-case 

 river-deposits of India. All of these are closely related to 22. 

 tlie living Indian elephant, hut some, such as IJ. jjlanifrons stands O, 

 and U. hf/s7idrims, seem to l)e intermediate l)etween the 

 surviving Indian and African SY)ecies. The Cautley Collection 

 and numerous oilier specimens in Pier-cases 33 and 34, Talde- 

 case 22, and on special stands, form a unirpie illustration of 

 these extinct members of the Indian fauna. 



P, w. 



Yui. 46. — Grinding surface of upiior molar tooth of Elephas mcridionalis, 

 from the Upper Pliocene of Tuscany ; one-third nat. size. (Table- 

 case 20.) 



The Indian s])ecies just mentioned are the earliest known 

 examples of the true ele])hant, wliich thus makes its first 

 a])pcarance in the Lower Pliocene of Asia. AVith the typical 

 kinds are associated other ele}»hants wliicli possess more 

 primiti\'e grinding teeth, and show how the elephantine 

 molar originated. They pro\c', in fact, that this ponderous 

 tooth has gradually arisen in the eU'i)hant tribe l)y the 

 cidargement and com})lication oi' a looth witli a few cross- 

 ridges. The first stage (among ele})hants with a normal 

 prol»oscis or trunk) is found in Mastodon ("nipple-tooth"), 

 which is represented by M. siva/ensis (Fig. 50) and other 

 species in the Siwalik Formation (see Pier-case 3)7 and Pier-case 

 Ta])le-case 23). A longitudinal vertical section of this kind f^' 

 of tooth (rig. 4/) dis])hiys tlie thick cross-ridges seiiaraled 23. 

 l»y wide valleys, which are quite empty or only partially 

 lildcked by small supplementary knobs or ridges. The next 

 stage, iPinied Sfrr/odo)! (" roof-tooth ") in allusion to the 



