THE JUKES. II 



identical to the mean from which they both differ. It also loses 

 points of initial divergence (essential elements in the study of 

 causation) which, with slight deflection at first, produce, when follow- 

 ed through successive removes to their cumulation, ultimate results 

 not classifiable under the same head. A similiar criticism may be 

 made as to diverse contributive causes producing similar effects. 



The study of causation is a mental process which is not statis- 

 tics, but in which the latter are a great assistance. 



In the study of the pathology of social disorders, many of them 

 resting primarily upon organic disease of body or mind, and there- 

 fore requiring a critical exploring and analysis of the causes and 

 consequences of constitutional habits, statistics could be used only 

 as an adjunct. Therefore the minute study of individual lives has 

 been made the leading feature, hoping it would contribute to a just 

 discrimination, link by link, of the essential from the accidental 

 elements of social movement which occur in the sequence of phe- 

 nomena, the distribution of social growth and decay, and the ten- 

 dency, direction and significance of social eccentricities. 



By a modification of the original schedule prepared by the Cor- 

 responding Secretary, adding the element of time and the order of 

 events, it was easily adapted to the objective point of the present 

 inquiry, the study of the sequence of phenomena as set forth in 

 criminal and pauper careers, to discover if there are laws in their 

 evolution, knowing which, it becomes easy to institute measures 

 adequate to their control. 



Observation discloses that any given series of social phenomena 

 — as honest childhood, criminal maturity and pauper old age, which 

 sometimes occur in the life of a single individual — may be stretched 

 over several generations, each step being removed from the other 

 by a generation, and in some cases, by two. Consequently, the 

 nature of the investigation necessitated the study of families through 

 successive generations, to master the full sequence of phenomena 

 and include the entire facts embraced in the two main branches of 

 inquiry into which the subject necessarily divides itself: The 

 Heredity that fixes the organic characteristics of the individual, 

 and The Environment which affects modifications in that heredity. 



