12 THE JUKES. 



It reduces the method of study, then, to one of historico-biographical 

 synthesis united to statistical analysis, enabling us to estimate the 

 cumulative effects of any condition which has operated through 

 successive generations : heredity giving us those elements of 

 character which are derived from the parent as a birthright, en- 

 vironment all the events and conditions occurring after birth which 

 have contributed to shape the individual career or deflect its primi- 

 tive tendency. 



Heredity and environment, then, are the parallels between 

 which the questions of crime and public dependence and their 

 judicious treatment extend : the objective point is to determine 

 how much of each results from heredity, how much from environ- 

 ment. The answer to these determines the limits of possibility in 

 amending vicious lives, and the scrutiny will reveal some of the 

 methods which the present organization of society automatically 

 sets in motion, which, without conscious design nevertheless con- 

 vert harmful careers into useful ones. The discovery of such spon- 

 taneous social activities will furnish models to be followed in deal- 

 ing with the unbalanced. 



Now heredity takes two leading forms that need to be contrasted ; 

 consanguinity and crossing, each presenting modified results. En- 

 vironment may judiciously be divided into two main branches : the 

 surroundings which throw men into criminal careers and keep them 

 in such ; the surroundings which rescue them from criminal careers 

 and keep them out. These two natural divisions, with their sub- 

 divisions, form the key-note to the present inquiry. A reference to 

 the four charts contained in this essay will show how the events in 

 the life of the parent are reproduced in the career of the child, and 

 allows a strict comparison to be made between the life of the latter 

 and that of his generation or his posterity, so that any characteristic 

 which is hereditary will thus be revealed. On the other hand, the 

 environment of each generation can be studied, the changes in that 

 environment can be noted, and the results of the same can be as- 

 certained. 



Taking a general survey of the characteristics of the " Jukes " 

 and for the purpose of convenient illustration, the leading facts are 



