g2 THE JUKES, 



habitual criminals and 52 per cent of refuge boys. It must not, 

 however, be argued from these figures that inebriety is the cause of 

 these men becoming habitual criminals, because there are othei 

 causes of crime which, it is more than probable, are the common 

 causes of both crime and intemperance, notably sexual excess and 

 insane ancestry. To get at some indication of what are other ele- 

 ments, tables XIII., XIV., XV. and XVI. have been prepared. 



Table XIII. gives habitual drunkards concerning whom the 

 sexual habits have been unascertained and the venereal diseases 

 are unknown or doubtful. Table XIV., gives habitual drunkards 

 concerning whom the sexual habits have been learned. Table 

 XV. gives occasional drunkards and Table XVI. temperate. 



The average age at which the habitual drunkards began to 

 drink is, according to Table XIII. 14.69 years and table XIV. 15.13, 

 while the age at which the habit becomes fixed is (table XV.) 24.52 

 and (table XVI.) 21.56, or three years younger. In table XV., which 

 tabulates the occasional drinkers, the average age when they begun 

 is 15 years, but, on comparison of their average age at time of con- 

 viction, which is 21, we find it is below the average age at which 

 the habit becomes fixed among the habitual drunkards (Tables 

 XIII. and XIV.), Vvhichis 21.56 and 24.52 respectively, so that there 

 is yet time for a portion of them to become habituals within the 

 next three years and a half, which brings them to the average age 

 when the habit was fixed as found in Table XIII. An examination 

 of the rest of the table shows that there is less inebriety and nervous 

 derangement in the ancestry of the occasionals, which may account 

 for the age of fixed habits being retarded. 



Coming down to particulars, we find that of 53 felons who are 

 habitual drunkards, one began alcoholic indulgence at 6 years and 

 is now insane ; one at 7, whose mother died of paralysis at 54 ; one 

 at 8, whose mind is defective ; two at 9, one of whom is of weak 

 mind, and four at 10, one of whom is now insane. Thus, out of 

 nine boys, who began to drink at 10 years old or under, five of 

 them are either insane, weak-minded, or the children of parents 

 afflicted with brain disease. Of those who began to drink at 15 

 Tears or under, there are 25, of whom ten are either mentally de- 



