112 THE JUKES. 



dealing with the crime problem, the immediate or correctional, 

 which acts upon the individual offender quickly and relates more 

 specially to the administration of the law, the efficiency of the 

 police, the perfection of prison discipline ; and the remote or pre- 

 ventative, which requires long periods of time to mature, and antici- 

 pates the development of the potential offender by effecting amelio- 

 rations in public health and general education, which remove the 

 causes of crime. 



The Immediate or Correctional Method. — In the State of New 

 York we have seven separate classes of penal and correctional in- 

 stitutions for the detention of accused persons and the punish- 

 ment of different degrees of crime committed at different ages. 

 These are Juvenile Asylums for truant and vicious children, Re- 

 formatories for youths under i6 years who have committed crime, 

 Police lock-ups for temporary detentions. Workhouses for misde- 

 meanors. County jails for minor offenses. Penitentiaries for crimes 

 not of the highest degree and for certain classes of felons who are 

 yet young, and State Prisons for crimes of the highest degrees. In 

 all these penal institutions, until recently, the only correctional 

 method employed was that of the Congregate System of imprison- 

 ment, which, bad at first, has, in the State prisons in half a century, 

 degenerated by progressive and successive forms, kinds and degrees 

 of official corruption, ignorance and perhaps still more dangerous 

 indifference, until it has neither philosophy, ascertained experience, 

 justice, public advantage, or common sense to recommend it. 



In the foregoing statement of typical classes of criminals we have 

 an enumeration of different fundamental crime causes, which range 

 under a few general heads. Some men do not learn right from 

 wrong because the physiological quality is poor ; some because the 

 balance between passion and judgment is so ill adjusted that they 

 run into excesses ; some from nurture in crime ; others from educa- 

 tional neglects. It is from a discriminating consideration of these 

 and of allied facts, in each individual case, that the possibility of 

 reform can be determined, and where they are accurately measured, 

 the limits of such reform can be established. Where the defect is con- 

 genital, as in idiocy, our power to control it is least ; where func- 



