II NOTES. 97 



they supposed it to be, of men and things. And it 

 added to the necessity of knowledge, the necessity of 

 purity, of courtesy, of uprightness, of peace and of a 

 universal love far reaching, grown great and beyond 

 measure." (Rhys Davids, Hibhert Lectures, p. 29.) 

 The contemporary Greek philosophy takes an 

 analogous direction. According to Heracleitus, the 

 universe was made neither by Gods nor men; but, 

 from all eternity, has been, and to all eternity, 

 will be, immortal fire, glowing and fading in due 

 measure. (Mullach, Heracliti Fragmenta, 27.) 

 And the part assigned by his successors, the Stoics, 

 to the knowledge and the volition of the "wise 

 man " made their Divinity (for logical thinkers) a 

 subject for compliments, rather than a power to be 

 reckoned with. In Hindu speculation the " Arahat," 

 still more the " Buddha," becomes the superior of 

 Brahma ; the stoical " wise man " is, at least, the 

 equal of Zeus. 



Berkeley affirms over and over again that no idea 

 can be formed of a soul or spirit — " If any man shall 

 doubt of the truth of what is here delivered, let him 

 but reflect and try if he can form any idea of power 

 or active being; and whether he hath ideas of two 

 principal powers marked by the names of will and 

 understanding distinct from each other, as well as 

 from a third idea of substance or being in general, 

 with a relative notion of its supporting or being the 

 subject of the aforesaid power, which is signified by 

 the name soul or spirit. This is what some hold: 

 but, so far as I can see, the words will, soul, spirit, 

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