m SCIENCE AND MORALS. 139 



only the nearer moiety of the chain of causes and 

 effects, by which the phenomena we call material 

 give rise to those which we call mental; hereafter, 

 we shall get to the further end of the series. 



In my innocence, I have been in the habit of 

 supposing that this is merely a statement of facts, 

 and that the good Bishop Berkeley, if he were 

 alive, would find such facts fit into his system with- 

 out the least difficulty. That Mr. Lilly should 

 play into the hands of his foes, by declaring that 

 unmistakable facts make for them, is an exempli- 

 fication of ways that are dark, quite unintelligible 

 to me. Surely Mr. Lilly does not hold that the 

 disbelief in spontaneity — which term, if it has any 

 meaning at all, means uncaused action — is a mark 

 of the beast Materialism? If so, he must be pre- 

 pared to tackle many of the Cartesians (if not 

 Descartes himself), Spinoza and Leibnitz among 

 the philosophers, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, 

 Calvin and his followers among theologians, as 

 Materialists — and that surely is a sufficient re- 

 ductio ad absurdum of such a classification. 



The truth is, that in his zeal to paint " Materi- 

 alism," in large letters, on everything he dislikes, 

 Mr. Lilly forgets a very important fact, which, 

 however, must be patent to every one who has 

 paid attention to the history of human thought; 

 and that fact is, that every one of the specula- 

 tive difficulties which beset Kant's three prob- 

 lems, the existence of a Deity, the freedom of the 



